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Cellbiologi > cell cykeln > Flashcards

cell cykeln Flashcards

1
Q

GEF

A

Protein or protein domain that activates monomeric GTPases by stimulating the realese of guanosine diphosphate (GDP)

GEF stands for Guanine nucleotide exchange factors

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2
Q

Ras

A

Gets “switched on” by GEF and then switches on other proteins

1st part of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade

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3
Q

Raf

A

Gets “switched on” and then switches on other proteins

2nd part of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade

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4
Q

MEK

A

Gets “switched on” and then switshes on other proteins

3rd part of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade

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5
Q

ERK

A

Gets “switched on” and then goes into the nucleus

4th (last) part of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade

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6
Q

Myc

A

All external signals (mitogens) converge on Myc. Myc is the start point of the rb pathway. which then leads to G1 cyclin expression.

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7
Q

G1 cylin

A

G1 cyclin expression requires a mitogen. Allows the cell to enter the G1 phase (with cdk)

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8
Q

Cdk

A

cyclin dependent kinase. Depends on a cylin to enter a cell cycle phase

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9
Q

Rb

A

Sits on E2F until it gets phosphorylated and realeses E2F.

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10
Q

E2F

A

When realesed by rb E2F has three ways it could go. It could go back to the G1/S phase and more complexes of rb and E2F can be realesed. It can initiate the S phase entry or it can create DNA polymerase (also used in s-phase)

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11
Q

Cdk/G1/S

A

continue to phosphorylate rb so that it releases E2F

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12
Q

cdk/s

A

phosphorylates cdc6 do that DNA replication can begin

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13
Q

cdc6

A

Sits on ORC until it gets phosphorylated and initiated by the cdk/S

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14
Q

ORC

A

ORC + mcm + replicosome will start DNA replication

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15
Q

Mcm

A

Attaches to ORC when cdc6 gets phosphorylated. Starts DNA replication with replicosome

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16
Q

Replicosome

A

carries out the replication of DNA

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17
Q

ARF

A

looks for damaged “always on”.inhibits mdm2 from sitting on p53

If damage is found it will lead to p53 accumilation

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18
Q

ATM

A

Looks for DNA damage. inhibits mdm2 from sitting on p53

If damage is found it will lead to p53 accumilation

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19
Q

mdm2

A

Sits on p53 until either ATM or ARF are activated.

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20
Q

p53

A

when DNA damage is found p53 will regulate the genes and decide if the cell will be repared or undergo apoptosis

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21
Q

P13K

A

gets signal from RTK (SH2) and send signal to PIP2

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22
Q

PIP2

A

sends signal to PIP3

23
Q

PIP3

A

sends signal to AKT

24
Q

PKB/AKT

A

inhibits function of p53 (apoptosis) which leads to cell growth

increased cell growth and survival

25
Q

PTEN

A

inhibits function of PI3K and therefore also PKB/akt

26
Q

SH2

A

sits on the phosphorylated RTK complex and sends signal to either GEF or PI3k

27
Q

lnk4

A

sends cell exit signals in G1 phase

28
Q

cdc25

A

activates cdk by removing phosphates. If cell is stopped in the G2/M checkpoint then cdc25 will be blocked.

29
Q

G2/M checkpoints

A

DNA replication stall
DNA damage
Insufficient cell size

leads to block of cdc25

30
Q

Cdk/M-cyclin

A

triggers G2 => M transition

31
Q

Prophase

A

spindle begins to form

32
Q

Prometaphase

A

spindle organizes the chromosomes

33
Q

Metaphase

A

spindle has caputured all chromosomes and lined them up

34
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatid separation and they are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

35
Q

Telophase

A

nearly done dividing and mititic spindle is broken down

36
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

37
Q

anaphase/metaphase checkpoint

A

Spindle assembly checkpoint - spindle attachments to each one of ALL chromatids

38
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

Cell density
Mitogen/growth factor
cdk + s cyclin is the control into the s-phase.

39
Q

nuclear lamina

A

fibrillar network inside of nucleus. It is composed of intermediate filaments. Regulates DNA replication and cell division. Also participates in chromatin organization (in prometaphase?).

40
Q

Autocrine

A

Cell sends out signal which is recived by a receptor on the same cell

41
Q

Paracrine

A

When a cell sends out a ligand which is recived by another cell

42
Q

Ligands on the cell surface

A

Ligands on the surface of one cell attaches to a receptor on another cell (contact dependent)

43
Q

Neuronal/synaptic

A

neirons communicate by synapses and send signals between synapses with ligands and receptors

44
Q

Endocrine

A

cells far away produces e.g. hormones which travels through the blood stream and to the destened cell where it attaches to a surface receptor

45
Q

Ran

A

small G-protein that is essential for translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear pore complex

46
Q

SCF

A

Takes cdc6 that has been ubiquitinated and lead it to its destruction!

47
Q

G1

A

growth preparation for DNA synthesis

48
Q

S-phase

A

DNA replication

49
Q

G2

A

Preparation for mitosis, growth

50
Q

Mitosis

A

separation of cell

51
Q

Adenylylcyclase

A

blir aktiverat av g-proteiner och skickar sedan signaler med hjälp av ATP till cAMP

52
Q

cAMP

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Aktivates PKA

53
Q

PKA

A

regulates transcription (CREB) and regulates metabolism (glycogen breakdown)

Cellbiologi (2 decks)

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