Cell Cycle Vocabulary Flashcards
Pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division that occurs in a eukaryotic cells
cell cycle
process by which a cell divides it nucleus and contents
mitosis
the process that divides the cell cytoplasm
cytokinesis
one long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information.
chromosome
proteins that organize chromosomes and around which DNA wraps
histone
loose combination of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase
chromatin
one half of duplicated chromosome
chromatid
region of condensed chromosome that looks pinched; where spindle fibers attached during meiosis and mitosis
centromere
repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the lose of genes
telomere
first phase of mitosis when chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the centromes and centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell
prophase
second phase of mitosis when spindle fibers align the chromosome along the cell equator
metaphase
third phase of mitosis during which chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
anaphase
last phase of mitosis when a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell, the nuclear membranes start to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fibers disassemble
telophase
common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
cancer
having no dangerous effect on health, especially referring to an abnormal growth of cells that are not cancerous
benign
cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of the body, causing harm to the organism’s health
malignant
substance that produces or promotes the development of cancer
carcinogen
process by which off spring are produced from a single parent; does not involve the joining of gametes.
a sexual reproduction
asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts
binary fission
to spread by transferring a dis-case-causing agent from the site of the disease to other parts of the body
metastasize
cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs except gametes
somatic cell
sex cell an egg or a sperm cell
gamete
chromosomes that have the same length, appearance, and copies of genes, although the alleles may differ
homologous chromosome
chromosome that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the organism
autosome
chromosome that directly controls the development of sexual characteristics.
sex chromosome
process by which two gametes fuse; and offspring that are genetic mixture of both parents are produced.
sexual reproduction
fusion of an egg and sperm cell
fertilization
cells that has two copies of each chromosome, one from an egg and one from a sperm
diploid
cell that has only one copy of each chromosome
haploid
form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells; important in forming gametes for reproduction
meiosis
male gamete
sperm
female gamete
egg
haploid cell produced during meiosis in the females of many species; these cells have little more than DNA and eventually disintergrate
polar body
The 3 parts of the cell cycle are
interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
The 3 phases of interphase are
G1, S, and G2
The steps of mitosis in order are
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
The female sex chromosomes are
XX
The male chromosomes are
XY
The female gamete is
egg
The male gamete is
sperm
Sex cells are also known as
gametes
body cells are also know as
somatic cells
sex cells are made during
meiosis
body cells are made during
mitosis
There are _______ chromosomes in the somatic celss of a human
46
The are _________chromosomes in the sex cells or gametes of a human.
23
Somatic cells are
diploid
Gametes or sex cells are
haploid
a picture of an organism’s entire set of chromosomes
karyotype
the exchanging of DNA segments between homologous chromosomes
crossing over
