Cell cycle and mitosis

Question 1

Human carcinogens

Answer 1

External factors which cause cancer

Question 2

Proto-oncogene

Answer 2

• Gene which acts as a “activator” with cyclin
• Speeds up cycle

Question 3

Tumor-suppressor gene

Answer 3

• Suppresses tumors
  -Acts as a “inhibitor” with cyclin
• Slows down the process

Question 4

Why do cells divide instead of grow?

Answer 4

• Volume:Surface area ratio wouldn’t be high enough
• More efficient
• Reproduction for single felled organisms

Question 5

Interphase

Answer 5

• Consists of Gap 1, synthesis, gap 2

Question 6

Gap 1

Answer 6

• preparing for synthesis
• grow in size
• nutrients and organs

Question 7

Gap 2

Answer 7

• prepare for mitosis
• grow in size

Question 8

Chromatin

Answer 8

• Readable
• Hard to transport
• Interphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

Question 9

Chromatid

Answer 9

• Unreadable
• Portable
• Anaphase

Question 10

Chromosome

Answer 10

-Single VS replicated
-Single=chromatid
-Replicated=2 sister chromatids connected by a centromere
-Prophase and Metaphase

Question 11

Centrioles

Answer 11

-2 organelles in the cell which appear in prophase
-Release spindle fibers

Question 12

Spindle fibers

Answer 12

• Appear in prophase
• Chromosomes line up in the middle of them during metaphase

Question 13

What role does the cell cycle play in cancer?

Answer 13

• Uncontrolled cell division
• Ignores checkpoints
• Usually a malfunction in proto-oncogenes/tumor-suppressor genes

Question 14

Cancer stages

Answer 14

-Benign: tumor still in one part of cell
-Malignant: tumor spread to multiple parts of the body

Question 15

Metastasis

Answer 15

When a tumor is in the malignant stage of cancer

Question 16

Tumor

Answer 16

Masses of cells

Question 17

Chemotherapy

Answer 17

• Prescription drugs which kill rapidly dividing cells

Question 18

Radiation therapy

Answer 18

-Exposure to high radiation which disturbs cell division

Question 19

Surgery

Answer 19

-ONLY WORKS ON BENIGN STAGE
-Usually used to benefit chemo/radiation therapy
-Removes the tumor (or at least most of it)

Question 20

Cytokinesis

Answer 20

• Actual cleaving of cells
• Cytoplasm divides
  -2 daughters cells

Question 21

Mitosis

Answer 21

• Nuclear division
  -Prophase
  -Metaphase
  -Anaphase
  -Telophase

Question 22

Prophase

Answer 22

-First stage of mitosis
-DNA: Replicated chromosomes
-Nuclear envelope/membrane starts to decay
-Centrioles and spindle fibers are present

Question 23

Metaphase

Answer 23

• Second stage of mitosis
• DNA: Replicated chromosomes
  -Chromosomes line up in middle of spindle fibers
  -Center of cell

Question 24

Anaphase

Answer 24

• Third stage of mitosis
• DNA: Chromatid or singular chromosomes
• Spindle fibers separate sister chromatids
• One on each side of the cell

Question 25

Telophase

Question 26

Centromere

Answer 26

Connects sister chromatids to make a replicated chromosome