Cell Cycle and its Control Flashcards
Internal controls
Monitors progression through cell cycle so that each step happens in succession and delays later events until previous ones are completed
External controls
Before beginning cell cycle, cell will sample environment and either proceed with cell division when more cells are needed or block cell division when no cells are needed
Two phases of M-phase in cell cycle
- Mitosis- nuclear division
- Cytokinesis- cytoplasmic division
Why are G1 and G2 needed?
- To maintain cell mass 2. To monitor internal and external environment
Important features of Cell Cycle
- A clock: turns on specific events at a specific time
- Initiates events in correct order
- Mechanism to ensure event is triggered only once per cell cycle
Four classes of Cdks
- G1 CDK – promotes passage of cell through restriction point
- G1/S CDK- commits cell to replication
- S Cdk- initiates replication
- M Cdk- promotes mitosis
Regulation of replication by S-Cdk
- In early G1→ ORC binds to origin of replication
- ORC recruits Cdc6
- Cdc6 binds and recruits MCM helicases
- MCM helicases bind to ORC and Cdc6 at the origin
- The pre-replication complex is assembled
- Pre-RC is made of
*ORC
*Cdc6
*MCM helicases
- S-Cdk is activated by S-cyclin
- S-Cdk phosphorylates Cdc6 thereby causing its release and degradation from the pre-RC
- MCM helicases are now free to unwind DNA
- S-Cdk phosphorylates pre-RC complex allowing DNA polymerase to replicate
- S-Cdk phosphorylates MCM helicases after replication has occurred causing their dissociatioin and degradation
- Pre-RC falls apart and ORC is also degraded.
How is initiation of replication or entry into S-phase controlled?
- Cdc6 -Cdc6 is usually present at low levels throughout cell cycle.
- Amount of Cdc6 spikes transiently in G1 -Cdc6 binds
to ORC -This recruits MCM helicases
-The pre-RC is made poised to replicate -S-Cdk
triggers replication and assembles DNA pol and other
replication proteins
- S-Cyclin
- The S-Cdk is not active until S-cyclin is activated at the end of G1
- The switch is the S-Cdk and what turns that switch on is the S-cyclin
*Phosphorylation of Cdc6 and MCM are maintained after S-phase
*M-Cdk also ensures no replication by maintaining phosphorylation of Cdc-6 and MCM helicase
*Cell cycle control system resets itself such that Cdk activity is reduced to 0 at the end of mitosis so newly made Cdc-6 and MCM proteins are not phosphorylated
Triggering entry into mitosis
- M-Cyclin interacts with M-Cdk and partially activates it
- Partially activates M-Cdk by opening activation site
of M-Cdk a little bit
- M-Cdk is phosphorylated by CAK (adds one phosphate) in order to make it fully active
- M-Cdk is held in check by getting additional inhibitory phosphate through phosphorylation by Wee1 kinase
- M-Cdk is poised to be active when second inhibitory phosphate is taken off by Cdc25 phosphatase.
- M-Cdk phophorylates proteins responsible for mitosis
- spindle assembly
- chromosome condensation
- breakdown of nuclear envelope
*The switch here is the removal of the second inhibitory phosphate by Cdc25- a phosphatases
Positive feedback loop for M-Cdk
- M-Cdk inhibits Weel upregulating active M-Cdk
- Cdc25 phosphatase removes inhibitory phosphate
leading to active M-Cdk
- M-Cdk will phosphorylate Wee1 and inhibit it so that
inhibitory phosphate is no longer added to new M
Cdks
- M-Cdk activates Cdc25 phosphatase increasing rate of production of active M-Cdk
- M-Cdk will also phosphorylate Cdc25 phosphorylate
and upregulate its activity from being partially active
to completely active
- This increases rate of removal of inhibitory phosphate
- New M-Cdk will never have second inhibitory
phosphate put on because Wee1 is being degraded
by the active M-Cdks made prior to this
Negative Feedback Loop for M-Cdk
- M-Cdk activates ubiquitination of M-cyclin causing degradation of M-cyclin
- M-cyclin is no longer activating M-Cdk
- M-Cdk is not activated.
Mechanisms to ensure absence of Cdk activity in G1 phase
Mechanisms to ensure an absence of Cdk activity
- Ubiquitin mediated degradation of Cdks results in no active Cdks in G1 2.
- Cyclin Kinase Inhibitor (CKI) accumulation
- Active cyclin-Cdk complex can be bound to p27 which is a cyclin kinase inhibitor (CKI) which then inactivates it.
- Decreased cyclin transcription
- No extracellular signal to divide
- Rb binds to E2F
- E2F inhibited
- No G1/S cyclins transcribed
- S-Cdks inactive
- Mitogenic Extracellular signal to divide
- Mitogenic signal
- G1-Cdk accumulates
- phosphorylates Rb
- Reduces affinity for E2F
- E2F transcribes G1/S cyclin genes and E2F transcribes its own genes to up regulate itself
- S-cyclins
- enhance degradation of Ub ligases which degrade CDKs
- activate CKI degradationd
- activate S-Cdks
- S-Cdks phosphorylate Rb upregulates E2F
- No extracellular signal to divide
Process of regulation of G1 DNA checkpoint
- DNA damage detected in G1
- p53 transcribes CKIs such as p21
- p21 inactivates G1/S Cdks and S-Cdks
- Cell does not get past G1 restriction point into S
Retinoblastoma
Since Rb protein prevents cell division from occurring, loss of both Rb proteins result in Retinoblastoma
Process of regulation of G2 DNA checkpoint
- DNA damage detected in G2
- blockage of Cdc25 activity
- M-Cdk remains inactivated
- Cell does not get past G2 restriction point into