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Science > Cell Cycle and Cell Division Test > Flashcards

Cell Cycle and Cell Division Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Subatomic Particles

A
  • make up the atoms
  • dictate how molecules form and chemical reactions occur
  • protons, neutrons, electrons
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2
Q

Prokaryote

A
  • unicellular micro-organisms
  • lack distinct nucleus
  • lack membrane-bound organelles
  • alway bacteria
  • simple and small
  • reproduction is asexual
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3
Q

Eukaryote

A
  • multicellular organelles
  • have nucleus
  • have membrane-bound organelles
  • larger & more complex
  • plants/animals/fungi/protists
  • never bacteria
  • reproduction can be asexual or sexual
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4
Q

Difference Between Bacteria VS. Plant/Animal Cells

A

Bacteria is Prokaryote , p/a cells are Eukaryote cells

Bacteria does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles unlike p/a cells.

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5
Q

Plant VS. Animal Cell

A

Plant cells have a cell wall, animals don’t.

Plants have chloroplast, animals don’t.

Plants have one or more large vacuole, animals have multiple smaller ones.

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6
Q

The 3 Components of Cell Theory

A
  1. ) all living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
  2. ) the cells are the tiniest unit that can carry out all of lives processes
  3. ) all cells come from other cells; they do not come from living matter
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7
Q

What Organelles can be Seen Under a Light Microscope? Can you identify them

A

Nucleus- the center of the cell

Cytoplasm- clear colour, gel-like appearance

Cell Membrane- separates interior from exterior

Cell Wall- Structural layer surrounding cell

Chloroplast- by their green colour

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8
Q

Features of the Cell Membrane

A

semi-permeable

made up of a phospholipid bi-layer

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9
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

the spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane

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10
Q

What is Simple Diffusion?

A

molecules passing through the phospholipids to leave or enter the cell, moving from highly concentrated areas to low concentrated areas

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11
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules

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12
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration

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13
Q

Bianary Fission Vs. Mitosis

A

Similarities:
asexual
parent cell divides producing genetically identical offspring

Differences- Binary:
done in prokaryotes
faster than mitosis
possible bc all organisms have a small amount of DNA
no error checking- non harmful, provides genetic diversity

Differences- Mitosis:
done in somatic (body) cells of eukaryotes
contains error checking bc errors can be harmful

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14
Q

What is the Cell Cycle

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Cytokinesis

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15
Q

Interphase

A

The phase in the life cycle of a cell wherein the cell grows in size, replicates its DNA

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16
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromatin condenses
  • nuclear membrane starts to dissolve
  • early mitotic spindle
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17
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes become completely condensed
  • chromosomes line up in the middle
  • mitotic spindle fibres are fully formed
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18
Q

Anaphase

A

chromosomes get pulled apart by mitotic spindle fibres

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19
Q

Telophase

A
  • final stage of mitosis
  • chromosomes on both ends become less condensed
  • spindle disappears
  • nuclear envelope starts reforming
20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-cytoplasm cleaves
Animal cell- cell membrane pinches
Plant- cell wall forms

21
Q

What usually happens to mutations in the DNA that could cause cancer?

A

a series of mutations in a cell creates new cells
faster than its immediate neighbours
as cluster of dividing cells grow overtime, further mutations turn to cancer

22
Q

Why do you need to replicate DNA before mitosis?

A

Each cell needs a full instruction manual to operate properly. So the DNA needs to be copied before cell division

23
Q

Can you inherit cancer? Why? Explain using reference to risk factors for cancer.

A

you can inherit DNA from parents giving you predisposition to cancers
You can inherit a gene that is prone to cancer, but you cannot inherit cancer
but bc of similar DNA with vulnerabilities to mutation, you have a higher risk especially if you participate in repetitive sun exposure, smoking, and alcohol use

24
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid: genetic material inherited from parents containing the instructions for your cells on how to make materials for the body to grow and function

A

DNA

25
Q

condensed, or packaged in DNA or Proteins

A

Chromatin

26
Q

condensed or packaged chromatin

A

Chromosome

27
Q

one of the usually paired and parallel strands of duplicated chromosome joined by a single centromere

A

Chromatid

28
Q

only in animal cells, where they regulate the cell cycle and organize the microtubules and plays an essential role in the formation of structures for movement and maintaining cellular shape. They’re made up of two centrioles

A

Centrosome

29
Q

a segment of non-coding DNA that occurs in all eukaryote cells
responsible for the movement of replicated chromosomes to the poles of the cells during mitosis and meiosis
the number of centromeres in the cell equals the number of chromosomes

A

Centromere

30
Q

uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in the part of the body

A

Cancer

31
Q

Error in DNA coding

A

Mutation

32
Q

large molecules required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s cells, tissues, and organs

A

Protein

33
Q

cell death

A

Apoptosis

34
Q

a mature haploid male/female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

A

Gamete

35
Q

The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body

A

Metastatic

36
Q

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies

A

Binary Fission

37
Q

the death of body tissue

A

Necrosis

38
Q

chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body

A

Hormone

39
Q

a photo taken by a microscope

A

Micrograph

40
Q

an organism consisting of multiple cells

A

Multi-cellular

41
Q

an organism consisting of a single cell

A

Uni-cellular

42
Q

Meiosis

A

a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information
provides genetic variety in eukaryotes

43
Q

White blood cell

A

SPECIALIZED CELL

moves like an amoeba to engulf bacteria and fight infection

44
Q

Skin Cell

A

SPECIALIZED CELL

fits tightly together covering the outside of the body to protect cells inside and reduce water loss

45
Q

Red Blood Cell

A

contains hemoglobin that carries oxygen in blood

46
Q

How would a cell in interphase look different than a cell in prophase?

A

Interphase- DNA is not condensed and the nuclear envelope hasn’t dissolved

Prophase- chromatin condenses

  • nuclear membrane starts to dissolve
  • early mitotic spindle
47
Q

How do adult and embryonic stem cells compare?

A

embryonic- can differentiate into other cell types

Adult- are mature specialized cells mostly involved in the replacement of damaged tissue

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