Cell Cycle and Cell Division Test Flashcards
Subatomic Particles
- make up the atoms
- dictate how molecules form and chemical reactions occur
- protons, neutrons, electrons
Prokaryote
- unicellular micro-organisms
- lack distinct nucleus
- lack membrane-bound organelles
- alway bacteria
- simple and small
- reproduction is asexual
Eukaryote
- multicellular organelles
- have nucleus
- have membrane-bound organelles
- larger & more complex
- plants/animals/fungi/protists
- never bacteria
- reproduction can be asexual or sexual
Difference Between Bacteria VS. Plant/Animal Cells
Bacteria is Prokaryote , p/a cells are Eukaryote cells
Bacteria does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles unlike p/a cells.
Plant VS. Animal Cell
Plant cells have a cell wall, animals don’t.
Plants have chloroplast, animals don’t.
Plants have one or more large vacuole, animals have multiple smaller ones.
The 3 Components of Cell Theory
- ) all living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
- ) the cells are the tiniest unit that can carry out all of lives processes
- ) all cells come from other cells; they do not come from living matter
What Organelles can be Seen Under a Light Microscope? Can you identify them
Nucleus- the center of the cell
Cytoplasm- clear colour, gel-like appearance
Cell Membrane- separates interior from exterior
Cell Wall- Structural layer surrounding cell
Chloroplast- by their green colour
Features of the Cell Membrane
semi-permeable
made up of a phospholipid bi-layer
What is Osmosis?
the spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane
What is Simple Diffusion?
molecules passing through the phospholipids to leave or enter the cell, moving from highly concentrated areas to low concentrated areas
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules
What is Active Transport?
the movement of molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration
Bianary Fission Vs. Mitosis
Similarities:
asexual
parent cell divides producing genetically identical offspring
Differences- Binary:
done in prokaryotes
faster than mitosis
possible bc all organisms have a small amount of DNA
no error checking- non harmful, provides genetic diversity
Differences- Mitosis:
done in somatic (body) cells of eukaryotes
contains error checking bc errors can be harmful
What is the Cell Cycle
Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Cytokinesis
Interphase
The phase in the life cycle of a cell wherein the cell grows in size, replicates its DNA
Prophase
- chromatin condenses
- nuclear membrane starts to dissolve
- early mitotic spindle
Metaphase
- chromosomes become completely condensed
- chromosomes line up in the middle
- mitotic spindle fibres are fully formed
Anaphase
chromosomes get pulled apart by mitotic spindle fibres
Telophase
- final stage of mitosis
- chromosomes on both ends become less condensed
- spindle disappears
- nuclear envelope starts reforming
Cytokinesis
-cytoplasm cleaves
Animal cell- cell membrane pinches
Plant- cell wall forms
What usually happens to mutations in the DNA that could cause cancer?
a series of mutations in a cell creates new cells
faster than its immediate neighbours
as cluster of dividing cells grow overtime, further mutations turn to cancer
Why do you need to replicate DNA before mitosis?
Each cell needs a full instruction manual to operate properly. So the DNA needs to be copied before cell division
Can you inherit cancer? Why? Explain using reference to risk factors for cancer.
you can inherit DNA from parents giving you predisposition to cancers
You can inherit a gene that is prone to cancer, but you cannot inherit cancer
but bc of similar DNA with vulnerabilities to mutation, you have a higher risk especially if you participate in repetitive sun exposure, smoking, and alcohol use
Deoxyribonucleic acid: genetic material inherited from parents containing the instructions for your cells on how to make materials for the body to grow and function
DNA
condensed, or packaged in DNA or Proteins
Chromatin
condensed or packaged chromatin
Chromosome
one of the usually paired and parallel strands of duplicated chromosome joined by a single centromere
Chromatid
only in animal cells, where they regulate the cell cycle and organize the microtubules and plays an essential role in the formation of structures for movement and maintaining cellular shape. They’re made up of two centrioles
Centrosome
a segment of non-coding DNA that occurs in all eukaryote cells
responsible for the movement of replicated chromosomes to the poles of the cells during mitosis and meiosis
the number of centromeres in the cell equals the number of chromosomes
Centromere
uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in the part of the body
Cancer
Error in DNA coding
Mutation
large molecules required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s cells, tissues, and organs
Protein
cell death
Apoptosis
a mature haploid male/female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
Gamete
The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body
Metastatic
asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies
Binary Fission
the death of body tissue
Necrosis
chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body
Hormone
a photo taken by a microscope
Micrograph
an organism consisting of multiple cells
Multi-cellular
an organism consisting of a single cell
Uni-cellular
Meiosis
a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information
provides genetic variety in eukaryotes
White blood cell
SPECIALIZED CELL
moves like an amoeba to engulf bacteria and fight infection
Skin Cell
SPECIALIZED CELL
fits tightly together covering the outside of the body to protect cells inside and reduce water loss
Red Blood Cell
contains hemoglobin that carries oxygen in blood
How would a cell in interphase look different than a cell in prophase?
Interphase- DNA is not condensed and the nuclear envelope hasn’t dissolved
Prophase- chromatin condenses
- nuclear membrane starts to dissolve
- early mitotic spindle
How do adult and embryonic stem cells compare?
embryonic- can differentiate into other cell types
Adult- are mature specialized cells mostly involved in the replacement of damaged tissue
