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BIOL 207 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

homologs

A

members of a homologous chromosomal pair

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2
Q

reductional division

A

reduction of ploidy (2n -> n) during separation of homologs in meiosis 1

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3
Q

equational division

A

separation of sister chromatids during meiosis 2 (analogous to mitosis), no reduction in ploidy (n -> n)

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4
Q

chromosome

A

strand of DNA encoded with genes

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5
Q

chromatid

A

1 of 2 identical halves of a replicated chromosomes (joined to sister at centromere)

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6
Q

meiosis

A

2 rounds of cellular division to generate haploid products and genetic diversity

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7
Q

mitosis

A

cell division to create 2 identical daughter cells

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8
Q

non-disjunction

A

unequal separation of homologs or sister chromatids during cell division

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9
Q

independent assortment

A

random assortment of homologous chr. into daughter cells during anaphase 1 to generate genetic diversity

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10
Q

separation of homologs

A

generation of haploid cells in meiosis 1

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11
Q

separation of chromatids

A

generation of identical daughter cells in meiosis 2

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12
Q

autosomes

A

any numbered chromosome (22) except sex chromosomes

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13
Q

sex chromosomes

A

chromosome that determines sex of organism (23)

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14
Q

diploid

A

homologous pair of every chromosome (2n)

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15
Q

crossing over

A

physical exchange of DNA between non-sister chromatids of homologs during prophase 1 (aka. chiasmata)

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16
Q

haploid

A

single set of unpaired chromosomes in gametes (n)

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17
Q

fertilization

A

creation of a diploid cell/zygote by fusion of maternal and paternal haploid gametes

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18
Q

n-value

A

number of chromosomes found in a haploid cell (n), does not change in mitosis or equational division, halves in meiosis 1

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19
Q

c-value

A

amount of DNA in bps, changes throughout cell cycle (doubles in S phase) and halves in meiosis (start to finish)

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20
Q

centromere

A

point of association btwn sister chromatids

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21
Q

karyotype

A

picture of all chromosomes

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22
Q

heterogametic

A

XY sex (X or Y gamete, determines sex of offspring)

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23
Q

homogametic

A

XX sex (only X gametes)

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24
Q

p arm

A

short arm of acrocentric chr

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25
Q

q arm

A

long arm of acrocentric chr

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26
Q

metacentric

A

centromere in middle of chr

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27
Q

telocentric

A

centromere right at end of chr (none in humans, unstable)

28
Q

acrocentric

A

centromere is asymmetrically placed

29
Q

allostery

A

binding of a molecule to a protein other than the active site changes the conformation or activity of that protein

30
Q

genotype

A

all of an organism’s genes and DNA, description of all alleles present

31
Q

phenotype

A

physical manifestation of genotype

32
Q

haploid

A

1 copy of every chr

33
Q

diploid

A

2 copies of every chr

34
Q

heterozygote

A

an organism w/ diff alleles at gene of interest

35
Q

homozygote

A

an organism w/ identical alleles at gene of interest

36
Q

hemizygote

A

an organism that naturally has only 1 copy of a gene despite being diploid (XY male: all genes on X chr)

37
Q

gene

A

a region of a chr that is transcribed and influences heredity

38
Q

allele

A

a variant of a gene

39
Q

dominant

A

allele is fully expressed when 1 copy is present

40
Q

recessive

A

allele is not expressed when 1 copy is present (must have 2 alleles)

41
Q

haplosufficient

A

1 copy of WT allele is sufficient for normal phenotype (mutant allele is recessive)

42
Q

haploinsufficient

A

1 copy of WT allele is insufficient for normal phenotype (mutant allele is dominant)

43
Q

homologous

A

chromosomes share same gene order, not necessarily same alleles (A;a)

44
Q

non-homologous

A

do not have the same genes and dont pair in meiosis

45
Q

monohybrid cross

A

a cross btwn 2 individuals identically heterozygous at one gene pair (Aa x Aa)

46
Q

true-breeding

A

a group of identical individual organisms that always produce offspring of the same phenotype (AA or aa ie. are homozygous)

47
Q

dihybrid cross

A

a cross btwn 2 individuals identicall heterozygous at 2 loci (AaBb x AaBb)

48
Q

testcross

A

cross of an organism with an unknown genotype to a tester

49
Q

parental cross

A

homozygous dominant x homozygous recessive

50
Q

why is a monohybrid cross performed?

A

to test dominance

51
Q

tester

A

organism homozygous recessive for all alleles being tested

52
Q

what ratio would a het vs homozygous give when crossed w/ a tester?

A 
het = 1 : 1
hom = 1 : 0
53
Q

why is a test cross performed? (2)

A

determine genotype of an unknown individual, test linkage

54
Q

when is a dihybrid cross performed?

A

to determine how genes interact

55
Q

what ratio does a monohybrid cross give?

A

3 : 1

56
Q

what ratio does a dihybrid cross give?

A

9 : 3 : 3 : 1

57
Q

reciprocal cross

A

swap sexes of parental to determine if a gene is on an X chr (sex-linked)

58
Q

auxotroph

A

organisms that cannot grow on MM (contains mutation in biochemical pathway for essential nutrients)

59
Q

prototroph

A

organism that can grow on MM (“WT”)

60
Q

minimal media (MM)

A

basic components required for WT growth

61
Q

wildtype

A

commonly accepted normal for a lab organism

62
Q

mutant

A

permanent alteration in DNA of a gene that differs from WT

63
Q

complementation

A

production of a WT phenotype when 2 diff recessive mutations are combined in a diploid or heterokaryon (fusion of 2 haploid cells, 2 nuclei)

64
Q

non-allelic

A

2 mutants of diff gene (dont form complementation group)

65
Q

allelic

A

a complementation group btwn 2 mutants of the same gene

BIOL 207 (1 decks)

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