Cell cycle

Question 1

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 1

series of changes that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it divides

Question 2

What are the major phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 2

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

Question 3

Function of interphase

Answer 3

cellular components duplicate

Question 4

What happens in mitosis and cytokinesis

Answer 4

cell splits into two

distributing its contents into two daughter cells

Question 5

What happens in S phase

Answer 5

When genetic material (DNA) replicates

Question 6

What are the mitosis stages

Answer 6

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 7

What is the restriction checkpoint?

Answer 7

cell chooses to die
remains specialised exit cell cycle
continue in cycle+ divide again
Ensure cellular parts are duplicated and chromosomes are distributed

Question 8

What is checkpoints?

Answer 8

When proteins interact at certain times in cell cycle- control whether the cell cycle progresses

Question 9

Cell division in the cell cycle

Answer 9

Stimulation from hormone or growth factors can trigger cell division
If cell division is too frequent a wound cannot replace damaged cells

Question 10

What causes cancer?

Answer 10

results from changes in genes (mutations)

Alter cell cycle in somatic cells (cells that aren’t sperm/egg)

Question 11

Characteristics of cancer

Answer 11

Uncontrolled cell division

Cancer cells make telomerase -keeps chromomeres long silences signals that would stop cell division

Question 12

What is dedifferentiation?

Answer 12

loss of specialised structures and functions of the normal type of cell

Question 13

What is invasiveness?

Answer 13

ability of cancer cells to break through boundaries that separate cell cycle

Question 14

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 14

Ability of cancer cells to induce extensions of nearby blood vessels

Question 15

What is metastasis?

Answer 15

spread of cancer cells to other tissues, through the bloodstream or lymphatic system

Question 16

What is telomeres

Answer 16

when telomeres shorten to a certain length cell no longer divides

Question 17

What does the enzyme telomerase do?

Answer 17

keep telomers long in cell types that must continually divide

Question 18

What are the two types of cell division?

Answer 18

mitosis

meiosis

Question 19

What is meiosis?

Answer 19

formation of egg/sperm cells

Question 20

What is mitosis?

Answer 20

Division of the nucleus

Question 21

What happens in interphase?

Answer 21

Chromosomes are visible as chromatin fibres

Single pair of centriole is present

Question 22

what happens in prophase?

Answer 22

Chromosomes have condensed
centriole have replicated each pair moves back to opposite end of the cell
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear and spindle fibres

Question 23

What happens in metaphase?

Answer 23

Chromosomes line up at centriole

Question 24

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 24

Centromeres are pulled apart by spindle fibres

Chromosomes line up midway between centrioles

Question 25

What happens in telophase?

Answer 25

Unwind to become chromatin fibres

nuclear envelope reform

Question 26

When does cytokinesis begin?

Answer 26

During anaphase and continues during telophase

Question 27

What are stem cells?

Answer 27

Cells that retain the ability to divide without specialising

Question 28

What is progenitor cells?

Answer 28

Cells that is partially specialised

Question 29

What is self renewal?

Answer 29

Ability of a stem cell to divide and give rise to at least one other stem cell

Question 30

What is cell death ?

Answer 30

A cell that does not divide or specialise has another option- it may die