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Biochem BLOCK 3 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the cell cycle is the cell in most of the time

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2)

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2
Q

G1

A

Active metabolism and accumulation of building blocks and energy

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3
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis of DNA: DNA replication occurs-each DNA molecule produce identical copy; centrosome is duplicated

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4
Q

G2

A

Active metabolism and protein synthesis; duplication of organization

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5
Q

Cells undergo normal growth and metabolism while also preparing for cell division

A

Interphase

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6
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromosomes and condense and become visible
  • spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • nucleus disappears
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7
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • chromosomes continue to condense
  • kinetochores appear at the centromeres
  • mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
  • centrosomes move toward opposite poles
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8
Q

Metaphase

A
  • mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosomes are opposite poles of the cell
  • chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
  • each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originatin from opposite poles
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9
Q

Anaphase

A
  • cohesion proteins binding the sister chromatids together break down
  • sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles
  • non-kinetechore spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell
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10
Q

Telophase

A
  • chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense
  • nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes
  • the mitotic spindle breaks down
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11
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • animal cells: a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells
  • plant cells: a cell plate separates the daughter cells
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12
Q

Majority of the cells in th human body have withdrawn from the cell cycle into:

A
  • A terminally differentiated state (neurons, myocytes)-DO NOT renter the cell cycle
  • a reversible quiescent G0 phase (stem cells, glial cells)-capable to return to the cell cycle
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13
Q

G0-rest in

A

A period in the cell cycle in which cells exist in a quiescent state

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14
Q

Quiescent state

A

The cell is neither dividing not preparing to divide

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15
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Check for:

  • cell size
  • accurate DNA replication
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16
Q

M checkpoint

A

Check for:

-chromosome attachment to the spindle

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17
Q

G1 checkpoint (restriction)

A

Check for:

  • cell size
  • nutrients
  • growth factors
  • DNA damage
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18
Q

What is the point of the regulation at internal checkpoints?

A

Avoid producing mutated cells

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19
Q

Regulatory molecules in the control of the cell cycle

A
  1. Positive regulation

2. Negative regulation

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20
Q

Positive regulation

A

Cycling and Cdk

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21
Q

Cyclins and Cdks

A
  • changes of different cyclins throughout the cell cylce

- direct correlation between cycling accumulation and the three major cell cycle checkpoints

22
Q

What happens to the cylin following each checkpoint

A

Sharp decline of cyclin levels following each checkpoint as cyclin is degraded by cytoplasmic enzymes

23
Q

When are cyclins active?

A

Only when bond to the respective cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

24
Q

Rib, p53, p21

A

Negative regulation

25
Q

What prevents initiation of the cell cycle in G1 phase

A

Rib-retinoblastoma protein

26
Q

What is p53?

A

Transcriptional repressor

27
Q

What does p53 do?

A

Has the ability to repress transcription and to promote apoptosis through direct interaction with apoptotic regulators in the cytosol

28
Q

What does p53 induce?

A

Cell cycle arrest

29
Q

What does p53 check for?

A

DNA damage, cell cycle abnormalities, hypoxia

30
Q

What prevents cell cycle progression

A

p21

31
Q

How does p21 prevent cell-cycle progression?

A
  • by inhibiting the activity of cyclin E-associated CDK2

- therefore preventing E2F-mediated gene transcription and cell cycle progression

32
Q

External stimuli that cause cells to proliferate (return to G1 if in G0)

A

Mitogens

33
Q

Mitogen sources

A
  • can be provided by extracellular matrix (integrins)

- can be extracellular signals from more distant sources

34
Q

Cell-matrix contact of mitogens

A

Mitogenic

35
Q

Cell-to-cell contact

A

Antimitogenic (contact inhibition)

-no more space, stop dividing

36
Q

Extracellular signals from more distant sources of mitogens

A
  • growth factors

- cytokines

37
Q

Mitogen growth factors

A
  • EGF
  • VEGF
  • NGF
  • FGF

Tissue/cell specific

38
Q

Mitogen cytokines

A
  • IL-1

- IL-6

39
Q

Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)

A

Present in the a-granules of platelets from which it is releases during activation- participates in wound healing

40
Q

What participates in wound healing

A

Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)

41
Q

Epidermal growth factors (EGF)

A

Stimulates the proliferation of epithelial cells and some other cells. It acts primarily in its tissues of origin (local)

42
Q

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)

A

Are a family of at least 22 proteins that act on four different tyrosine kinase receptors. They stimulate notionally fibroblasts by also many other cells

43
Q

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

A

Releases from the liver in response to growth hormone

44
Q

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

A

Produced by cells that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) wet AMD

45
Q

Nerve growth factor (NGF)

A

Stimulates the growth and differentiation (but not mitosis) of postganglionic sympathetic neurons

46
Q

Neoplasms

A

Abnormal uncontrolled cell cylce over period of time can lead to the development of this

47
Q

Group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely

A

Tumors

48
Q

6 hallmarks of cancer, which are required to produce a malignant tumor:

A
  • cell growth and division absent the proper signals
  • continuous growth and division even given contrary signals
  • avoidance of programmed cell death
  • limitless number of cell divisions
  • promoting blood vessel construction
  • invasion of tissue and formation of metastases
49
Q

Mutated normal genes that encode positive cell cycle regulators that cause a cell to become cancerous

A

Oncogenes

50
Q

Genes that encode for negative regulator proteins that will suppress uncontrolled cell division

A

Tumor suppressor genes

-put a break on the cell cycle if possible

51
Q

Example of tumor suppressor genes

A

Rib; p53; p21

52
Q

Mutated p53

A

Cell cycle continues instead of programmed cell death

Biochem BLOCK 3 (12 decks)

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