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Biochem Block 3 > Cell cycle > Flashcards

Cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

interphase

A
  • cell undergoes normal growth and metabolism
  • prepares for cell division
  • Gap 1
  • Synthesis of DNA
  • Gap 2
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2
Q

Gap 1

A
  • G1
  • active metabolism
  • accumulation of building blocks and energy
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3
Q

Synthesis of DNA

A
  • S
  • DNA replication occurs
  • each DNA molecule produces identical copy
  • cetrosome is duplicated
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4
Q

Gap 2

A
  • G2
  • active metabolism
  • protein synthesis
  • duplication of organelles
  • once in this phase, everything is sped up
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5
Q

G0

A
  • resting

- a period in the cell cycle in which the cell is not dividing of preparing to divide

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6
Q

Quiescent state

A
  • G0 resting state

- cell is not dividing or preparing to divide

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7
Q

terminally differentiated state

A
  • cells that leave the cell cycle and do not re-enter the cell cycle
  • cells just die and get replaced
  • skin cells
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8
Q

reversible quiescent G0 phase

A
  • capable to return to the cell cycle
  • stem cells
  • hepatocytes
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9
Q

Mitotic phases

A
  • prophase
  • prometaphase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis
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10
Q

prophsae

A
  • chromosomes condense and become visible
  • spindle fibers emerge from centrosomes
  • break down nuclear envelope
  • nucleolus disappears
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11
Q

prometaphase

A
  • chromosomes condense more
  • kinetochores appear at centromeres
  • miotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
  • centrosomes move toward opposite poles
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12
Q

metaphase

A
  • miotic spindle is fully developed
  • centrosomes are at opposite poles
  • chromosomes lined up in the middle
  • each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber
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13
Q

anaphase

A
  • cohesion proteins that bind sister chromatids break down
  • sister chromatids change names and are pulled toward poles
  • non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthen to elongate cell
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14
Q

when do sister chromatids change names and what is their new name

A
  • anaphase

- chromosomes

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15
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosomes make it to opposite poles and decondense
  • nuclear envelope surrounds each set of chromosomes
  • mitotic spindles break down
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16
Q

Cytokinesis animal cells

A

-cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells

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17
Q

cytokinesis plant cells

A

-cells plate separates daughter cells

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18
Q

How many internal checkpoints are there?

A

3

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19
Q

G1 checkpoint

A 
-restriction
check for..
-cell size
-nutrients
-growth factors
-DNA damage
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20
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

check for…

  • cell size
  • accurate DNA replication
  • if mistakes, the cell cycle will stop
  • avoid producing mutated cell
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21
Q

M checkpoint

A

check for…

  • chromosome attachment to the spindle
  • make sure they separate into each daughter cell
22
Q

positive regulation molecules

A
  • cyclins

- Cdk

23
Q

positive regulation

A

-allow cell to move to the next phase

24
Q

cyclins

A
  • changes of different cyclins throughout the cell cycle
  • direct correlation between cyclin accumulation and the 3 checkpoints
  • sharp decline in cyclin levels following each checkpoint
25
Q

what degrades cyclins?

A

-cytoplasmic enzymes

26
Q

when are cyclins active?

A

-when bond to respective Cyclin-dependent kinase

27
Q

Cdk

A
  • cyclin binds to Cdk
  • complex is phosphorylated
  • activated complex phosphorylates target protein
  • active target protein advances through the cell cycle
28
Q

What cyclin is continuously on throughtout the cell cycle>

A

-Cyclin D

29
Q

Negative regulation molecules

A
  • Rb
  • p53
  • p21
30
Q

Rb regulation of the cell

A
  • negative regulation
  • controls transcription of genes necessary for transition into S phase
  • UNphosphorylated Rb binds to transcription factor E2F so it cannot bind to DNA and transcription is blocked
31
Q

phosphorylated Rb

A
  • triggered by cell growth
  • releases E2F
  • allows advancing in the cell cycle
32
Q

Rb

A
  • retinoblastoma protein

- prevents initiation of the cell cycle in G1 phase

33
Q

p53 regulation of the cell

A
  • transcriptional repressor
  • can repress transcription and promote apoptosis through interaction of apoptotic regulators in cytosol
  • detects cell damage
34
Q

what can p53 do to the cell cycle?

A
  1. program for apoptosis
    OR
  2. recruit proteins to help the damage then restart the cell cycle
35
Q

p21 regulation of the cell

A
  • inhibiting the activity of cyclin E-associated CDK2
  • prevents E2F-mediated gene transcription and cell cycle progression
  • induced in response to p53
36
Q

Mitogens

A
  • EXTERNAL stimuli that cause the cells to proliferate
  • make cell return to G1 if in G0
  • starts cell division
37
Q

intergins

A

-mitogens provided by extracellular matrix

38
Q

mitogenic

A

-cell-to matrix contact

39
Q

antimitogenic

A
  • cell-to-cell contact
  • contact inhibition
  • there are too many cells! stop dividing!
40
Q

distant sources that supply extracellular signals

A
  • growth factors

- cytokines

41
Q

platelet derived growth factor

A
  • PDGF

- participates in wound healing

42
Q

epidermal growth factor

A
  • produced locally, used locally
  • stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells
  • primarily acts in tissue of origin
43
Q

fibroblast growth factors

A
  • family of 22 proteins that act on 4 different tyrosine kinase receptors
  • stimulate fibroblasts and other cells!
44
Q

insulin like growth factor 1

A

-released from the liver in response to growth hormone

45
Q

vascular endothelial growth factor

**

A
  • VEGF
  • produced by cells that stimulate vasculogenesis and angiogenesis
  • new blood vessel formation
  • important for wet AMD
46
Q

nerve growth factor

A

-stimulates the growth and differentiation (BUT NOT MITOSIS) of postganglionic sympathetic neurons

47
Q

what leads to cancer?

*******

A

-unregulated cell cycle

48
Q

six hallmarks of cancer

A
  • cell growth and division absent of proper signals
  • continuous growth contrary to signals
  • avoidance of apoptosis
  • limitless cell division
  • promoting blood vessel construction
  • invasion of tissue
49
Q

oncogenes

**

A
  • mutated NORMAL genes
  • encode POSITIVE cell cycle regulators
  • mutated and stimulated all the time
50
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

**

A
  • genes that encode for NEGATIVE cell cycle regulators

- stops the cell cycle

51
Q

mutated p53

A

-does not detect mutations and does not stop cell cycle

Biochem Block 3 (10 decks)

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