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Biochemistry > cell cycle > Flashcards

cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

mitogenic signals

A

growth factors/signaling molecules
stimulate cell division
epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an example

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2
Q

epidermal growth factor

A

a type of mitogenic signal

receptor is Her

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3
Q

MAP kinase cascade

A

GRB2 binds phosphotyrosine
GRB2 binds Sos, bringing Sos to cell membrane
Sos interacts with Ras (G-protein)
Sos promotes exchange of GDP for GTP, activating Ras
Ras activates Raf
Raf phosphorylates and activates MAP kinase kinase
MAP kinase kinase phosphorylates and activates MAP kinase
MAP kinase enters nucleus and activates genes that stimulate cell division

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4
Q

growth factor signal transduction

A

a

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5
Q

structure of growth factor receptor

A 
transmembrane protein (dimer) with 3 domains:
ligand binding domain
transmembrane domain
cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain
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6
Q

cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

A

regulate progression through cell cycle
serine/threonine kinases
phosphorylate different protein targets

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7
Q

cyclins

A 
function in complexes with CDKs
synthesized at specific points in cell cycle
degraded by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis once they do their job
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8
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

checks whether conditions are favorable for division
E2F regulates transition during early G1 phase
Rb keeps E2F inactive
mitogens stimulate transcription of cyclin D-CDK4/6
cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex phosphorylates Rb and releases E2F
E2F activates transcription of cyclin E-CDK2
cyclin E-CDK2 phosphorylates Rb making Rb phosphorylation independent of mitogens
free E2F activates transcription of genes required for DNA replication
transition to S phase (regulated by the following):
CDK2-cyclin A is inactive, inhibited by p27
cyclin E-CDK2 from late G1 phosphorylates p27, sends it for proteolysis
cyclin A-CDK2 no longer inhibited, but CDK2 must be dephosphorylated by phosphatase, then becomes activated and DNA replication can begin

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9
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

ensures all DNA is replicated and undamaged

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10
Q

metaphase/anaphase transition checkpoint

A

evaluates whether all chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle

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11
Q

DNA damage checkpoint

A

functions throughout cell cycle and detects damaged DNA

if damaged DNA is detected, arrests cell cycle and repairs DNA or initiates apoptosis

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12
Q

cell to cell interactions

A

interactions between neighboring cells inhibit cell division
this is called contact inhibition
cancer cells lose contact inhibition

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13
Q

cell to matrix interactions

A

interactions between cell and ECM promote cell division

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14
Q

phases of cell cycle

A 
G1 growth
S DNA replication
G2 growth
M mitosis
G0 resting state/quiescence
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15
Q

G1 phase

A

period of growth

synthesis of proteins and metabolites necessary for DNA replication

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16
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication

at conclusion of S phase, each chromosome is comprised of two identical sister chromatids linked at centromere

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17
Q

G2 phase

A

second period of growth

precedes cell division (M phase)

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18
Q

M phase

A

mitosis/cell division

produces two identical daughter cells

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19
Q

early-response genes

A

a

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20
Q

delayed-response genes

A

a

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21
Q

Rb

A

retinoblastoma protein
most essential regulator of G1/S transition
when bound to E2F, keeps E2F inactive
phosphorylation of Rb releases E2F, allowing E2F to stimulate transcription of genes required for DNA replication

22
Q

anaphase promoting complex

A

APC
controls degradation of cohesins that hold sister chromatids together at centromere, allowing separation of chromatids during anaphase
relevant at metaphase/anaphase transition
ubiquinates cyclin A/B for proteasomal degradation

23
Q

p53

A

a

24
Q

ATM

A

a

25
Q

ATR

A

a

26
Q

ataxia telangiectasia

A

a

27
Q

apoptosis

A

a

28
Q

intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

a

29
Q

extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

a

30
Q

ligand binding to GFR triggers?

A

receptor dimerization
autophosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues
phosphotyrosine are docking sites for signaling molecules

31
Q

interphase

A

time between one M phase and the next

three sub-phases: G1, S, and G2

32
Q

mid G1 CDK/cyclin complexes

A

CDK4cyclin D

CDK6-cyclin D

33
Q

late G1 CDK/cyclin complexes

A

CDK2-cyclin E

34
Q

S phase CDK/cyclin complexes

A

CDK2/-cyclin A

35
Q

M phase CDK/cyclin complexes

A

CDK1-cyclin A

CDK1-cyclin B

36
Q

GFR binding and initiation of cell cycle

A

binding of GFR to receptor triggers signal transduction via MAP kinase cascade
stimulates transcription of genes that induce cell in G0 to enter G1
first early-response genes (cFos, cJun, cMyc), then delayed-response genes (CDKs and G1 cyclins)

37
Q

p27

A

a

38
Q

E2F

A

a

39
Q

CDK1-cyclin A/B

A

regulate chromosome condensation, formation of mitotic spindle, and disassembly of nuclear membrane

40
Q

BAX

A

a

41
Q

p21

A

a

42
Q

PUMA and BID

A

a

43
Q

BCL-2

A

antiapoptotic protein

inhibits BAX, thereby inhibiting apoptosis

44
Q

Apaf-1

A

a

45
Q

cytochrome c

A

part of pro-apoptotic pathway
released from mitochondria into cytoplasm by channel formed by BAX
in cytoplasm, binds to Apaf-1

46
Q

apoptosome

A

a

47
Q

caspase

A

a

48
Q

TNF

A

tumor necrosis factor
type of death receptor
involved in extrinsic pathway of apoptosis
plays role in destruction of cells and tissue in chronic inflammatory diseases
produced in macrophages

49
Q

Fas ligand

A

a

50
Q

intrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

a

51
Q

extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

A

a

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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