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Biology 30 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

New cells arise as a result of three intricate processes:

A

Synthesis and replication of chromosomes, division of the nucleus (Mitosis), and cell division/cytokinesis.

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2
Q

What are the two primary phases of the cell cycle of mitosis?

A

Interphase and Mitotic Phase

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3
Q

Mitosis results in what kind of daughter cells?

A

Identical daughter cells

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4
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

To produce new cells for growth and for the replacement of worn out cells

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5
Q

The stage of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs is…

A

Interphase

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6
Q

What occurs in late interphase?

A

Chromosomes have replicated but are so extended that they cannot be seen individually, making them chromatin

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7
Q

What occurs in Prophase?

A

Chromosomes shorten and thicken. Each replicated chromosome becomes visible as a pair of sisterchromatids joined by a duplicated but unseparated centromeere which attaches to the spindle fibres.

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8
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

Produce spindle fibres

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9
Q

What do spindle fibres do?

A

Attach to centromeres of chromatids and separate them

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10
Q

What occurs during Metaphase?

A

The spindle fibres align the sister chromatids along an imaginary equator half way in between the two centrioles at the opposite end of the cell.

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11
Q

What is Anaphase?

A

When the two sister chromatids separate at their centromeres giving rise to two daughter chromosomes which move toward opposite poles

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12
Q

What is Telophase?

A

The chromosomes uncoil and chromatin reforms. A nuclear membrane forms around each chromosome set and cytokinesis is underway

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13
Q

During mitosis, the nuclear membrane of a cell disappears and then re-forms respectively during…

A

Prophase and Telophase

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14
Q

What are adult somatic stem cells?

A

Undifferent cells found in tissues or organs with the primary role to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues

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15
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

They come from the inner cell mass of early embryos or blastocysts that can eventually differentiate into specialized cells of the body

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16
Q

Diploid cells (2n) are produced from what cell cycle process?

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

Haploid cells (n) are produced by what cell cycle process?

A

Meiosis

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18
Q

How are identical twins formed?

A

Called mono zygotic twins, they arise from one fertilized egg

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19
Q

What are Dizygotic twins?

A

Come from two different eggs, fertilized by two different sperms and the zygotes then have different information (fraternal)

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20
Q

Meiosis is

A

The formation of gametes

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21
Q

Homologous pairs are found in what cell cycle?

A

Meiosis

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22
Q

What are gametes?

A

Egg and sperm

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23
Q

In meiosis, what happens to the chromosome number of originally 46 (of human)?

A

Reduced to half. In humans that would be 23

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24
Q

Human sex cells have 23 chromosomes and are considered…

A

Haploid (n)

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25
Q

Somatic cells have 46 chromosome and are considered…

A

Diploid (2n)

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26
Q

Union of the egg and sperm (haploids) produce and zygote with….

A

46 chromosomes (diploid)

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27
Q

What does recombination of genes ensure?

A

Each offspring gets genetic information from each of the parents - variation is essential for natural selection.

28
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Survival of the fittest

29
Q

Mitosis after meiosis is for the sake of…

A

growth

30
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in a zygote/human?

A

23 pairs

31
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are homologous and what are they referred to as?

A

22, Autosomes

32
Q

How many pairs of sex chromosomes are there and what is their purpose?

A

1 and they determine the gender

33
Q

How is gender determined?

A

Females have two X chromosomes (XX), Men have one X and one Y (XY)

34
Q

Are sex chromosome homologous?

A

No, even though they behave as though they are

35
Q

In general, Meiosis involves:

A

A single DNA replication and two nuclear divisions

36
Q

Homologous pairs separate during…

A

Meiosis 1

37
Q

Sister chromatids separate during

A

Meiosis 2

38
Q

The process of meiosis produces how many cells?

A

4

39
Q

What occurs in prophase 1

A

chromosomes which have been replicated in Interphase now appear as sister chromatids attached by the centromere. Tetrads form allowing crossing over to occur.

40
Q

What occurs in Metaphase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plate of the cell

41
Q

What occurs in Anaphase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids stay together.

42
Q

What occurs in Telophase 1?

A

Daughter cells contain only one chromosome of the homologous pair.

43
Q

What does not happen in prophase 2?

A

DNA replication

44
Q

What occurs in metaphase 2?

A

chromosomes align at the equatorial plate

45
Q

What occurs in Anaphase 2?

A

The centromeres divide and sister chromatids separate and move to each pole

46
Q

What occurs in telophase 2?

A

Cell division is complete with the production of 4 haploid daughter cells

47
Q

Mitosis only occurs in…

A

Somatic cells

48
Q

Meiosis only occurs in…

A

Ovaries and Testes

49
Q

How many daughter cells are produced for Meiosis and Mitosis?

A

Mitosis = 2, Meiosis = 4

50
Q

In meiosis, daughter cells are the same as parent cells. True of False?

A

False

51
Q

How many divisions are in the mitotic cycle?

A

1

52
Q

Does crossing over occur in mitosis?

A

no

53
Q

The term for gamete formation is…

A

Gametogenisis

54
Q

Two meiotic divisions in females do not result in four equally mature gametes as in male, but…

A

One large ovum that requires the nutrients and organelles for possible future divisions from the 2-3 polar bodies.

55
Q

What happens to the used polar bodies?

A

they are usually discarded.

56
Q

Unequal cleavage occurs in

A

Oogenisis

57
Q

Equal cleavage occurs in

A

Spermatogensis

58
Q

What is Nondisjunction?

A

When homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis and instead, move to the same pole

59
Q

What happens what nondisjunction occurs?

A

Gametes end up with more or less than the required number of chromosomes making cells lack of have too much genetic information to function properly

60
Q

In humans, non disjunction produces gametes with (#s)

A

22 or 24 chromosomes

61
Q

A zygote with three chromosomes in place of the normal pair is called

A

Trisomy

62
Q

A zygote that has a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair is called

A

Monosomy

63
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The pictures of arranged homologous pairs

64
Q

What is Chorion Villus Sampling or Biopsy?

A

cells from the outer membrane of the embryo are removed and used for karyotyping to detect chromosomal disorders

65
Q

What is Amniocentesis

A

The using of a syringe to draw amniotic fluid which contains cells from the fetus allowing karyotypes to be prepared and analyzed to detect chromosomal abnormalities.

Biology 30 (1 decks)

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