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Cell Bio 202 > Cell cycle > Flashcards

Cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Regulate decision to divide
– Am I big enough?
– Are there enough nutrients?
– Have I received the right
signal?

A) G2
B) G1
C) S phase
D) M

A

B

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2
Q

Is all DNA replicated? Is all DNA damage repaired?

A) G2
B) G1
C) S phase
D) M

A

A

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3
Q

Are all chromosomes properly attached to the mitotic spindle?

A) G2
B) G1
C) S phase
D) M

A

D

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4
Q

Place the different phases of the cell cycle
in a correct order. Since the cell cycle is
circular, the starting point is arbitrary (we can
start with any phase).
A. G2, M, G1, S
B. G1, M, G2, S
C. M, G1, G2, S
D. M, G2, G1, S
E. G1, G2, M, S

A

A

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5
Q

Progression through
the cell cycle (passing checkpoints) depends on ________and _________kinases

A

cyclins
and cyclin-dependent protein

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6
Q

MPF kinase phosphorylates?
a. Lamins (nuclear matrix- nuclear breakdown)
b. Microtubule associated proteins (MT dynamics)
c. Chromatin proteins (Condensation/separation
d) all of the above

A

D

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7
Q

How can the cell cycle be stopped?

A) the cell cycle can
be stopped by binding a protein inhibitor to active
complex, thereby preventing its kinase activity.
B) activating CDK complexes
C) degrading cyclins
D) A and C

A

D

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8
Q

Which of the following does NOT inhibit or end the
activity of a Cdk?
A. addition of a phosphate to Cdk
B. degradation of a cyclin
C. synthesis of a Cdk inhibitor
D. The activity of the cdc 25 phosphatase
E. All of the above (A, B, C or D) inhibit or end the activity
of Cdk, so no answer is correct.

A

D

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9
Q

Rb prevents transcription of
cell division genes by
________
factors.

A) sequestering transcription
B)Phosphorylation
C) cell division

A

A

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10
Q

P53 is a regulator muted in

A) many cancers
B) protein regulaions
C) RB proteins
D phosphorylation

A

A

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11
Q

When P53 is __________ (1), it _________ (2) to
activate transcription of a gene that leads to cell
cycle ______ (3)
A. dephosphorylated (1), binds to a promoter (2),
progression (3)
B. phosphorylated (1), binds to a promoter (2),
arrest (3)
C. phosphorylated (1), releases a transcription
factor (2), progression (3)
D. phosphorylated (1), releases a transcription
factor (2), arrest (3)
E. dephosphorylated (1), releases a transcription
factor (2), progression (3)

A

B

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12
Q

Q4: What is the correct order for the stages of M phase?
A. prometaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase,
anaphase.
B. prometaphase, metaphase, prophase, anaphase,
telophase
C. prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase
D. telophase, anaphase, prometaphase, metaphase,
prophase
E. anaphase, telophase, prometaphase, metaphase

A

C

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13
Q

Which of the following is true about the regulation produced by M-Cdk?
A. An activating kinase phosphorylates M-Cdk only after cyclin levels have
accumulated, and this phosphorylation leads to immediate activation of the
M-Cdk.
B. The enzymatic activity of Cdc25 phosphatase is turned off only after
cyclin has accumulated.
C. Cyclin must be degraded before M-Cdk becomes active.
D. Lots of Cdc25 phosphatase is activated quickly by M-Cdk after this M-
Cdk has been activated, and this new

A

D

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14
Q

Sister chromatids are held together by

A) MItosis
B) Chohesin rings
C) lamins
D) membrane bound proteins

A

B

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15
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Centrosomes are replicated during M phase.
B. Two sister chromatids arise by replication of the DNA of
the same chromosome but are no longer paired with each other at the
metaphase plate.
C. Non kinetochore microtubules assemble from one end to the other and are
therefore continuous from one spindle pole to the other.
D. Microtubule polymerization and depolymerization
and microtubule motor proteins are all required for DNA
replication.
E. Microtubules nucleate at the centrosomes and then
connect to the kinetochores, which are structures at the
centromere regions of chromosomes.

A

E

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16
Q

Activation of Anaphase-promoting complex (APC)
triggers separation of the chromatids because it
triggers degradation of____, activating separase

A) Seperase
B) securin
C) APC
D) M-cyclin

A

B

17
Q

Which motor protein is likely to generate
the sliding force (1) and which motor protein is
likely to generate the pulling force (2) for
Anaphase B?
A. Kinesins for (1) and dyneins for (2)
B. Dyneins for (1) and kinesins for (2)
C. Dyneins for both (1) and (2)
D. Kinesins for both (1) and (2)
E. Myosins for both (1) and (2)

A

A

18
Q

Mitogens stimulate cell division by

A

– Binding receptors
– Activating signal transduction pathways
– Release the ‘brakes’ on the cell cycle – usually the brake
at the G1 to S transition.
– For instance, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
stimulates division of cells at a wound to repair the
damaged tissue.

19
Q

Growth factors stimulate cells
to grow larger

A

Bind receptors
-Activate signal transduction
pathways (eg, Akt-Tor pathway)
-Cause cell growth (increase in cell
mass) without cell division.
-In early embryogenesis, cells
divide without growth and get
smaller compared with the
fertilized egg.
Fig. 18-36

20
Q

Why do cells undergo apoptosis?

A

-Developing animals
Sculpting body plan (e.g., digits on paws, hands, feet)
Neuronal: Selection for cells with best connections
-Adults
Tissues/organs are maintained at a size
Replacement: “old” cells may be more prone to problems
Infected cells can be eliminated
Pre-Cancer cells can be eliminated

21
Q

Apoptosis

A) cell burst and spills contents
B) Phagocytic cells can engulf intact dead
cell before contents spill out
C) cell shrinks and condense
D) A and B, but not C
E) B and C, but not A

A

E

22
Q

Cell survival rather than apoptosis is
promoted (increased) when
A. transcription of the Bcl2 gene is increased in
response to signaling from survival factor
receptors.
B. The activities of Bax and Bak are inhibited.
C. The activities of Bax and Bak are stimulated.
D. A and B increase cell survival.
E. A and C increase cell survival.

A

D

23
Q

The cell cycle component whose protein levels do not vary, but which instead interacts with a
component that does vary in level to trigger progression to the next phase of the cell cycle, is
A. Cyclin-dependent kinase.
B. Wee1.
C. Cdc6.
D. p27.
E. Cyclin

A

A

24
Q

At what phase of the cell cycle would cells typically enter Go or terminally differentiate?
A. M
B. G1
C. G2
D. S
E. Cells could enter Go or terminally differentiate in any of these phases (A, B, C or D)

A

B

25
Q

When P53 is __________ (1), it _________ (2) to activate transcription of a gene that leads to cell
cycle ______ (3)
A. phosphorylated (1), binds to a promoter (2), arrest (3)
B. dephosphorylated (1), binds to a promoter (2), progression (3)
C. phosphorylated (1), releases a transcription factor (2), progression (3)
D. phosphorylated (1), releases a transcription factor (2), arrest (3)
E. dephosphorylated (1), releases a transcription factor (2), progression (3

A

A

26
Q

What factor remains bound to the origin site for DNA replication throughout the cell cycle?
A. Cdc6
B. ORC
C. The helicase
D. S-Cdk
E. DNA polymerase

A

B

27
Q

The phase of mitosis during which chromosome pairs align at the middle of the cells attached to
microtubules coming from both poles is
A. anaphase.
B. prophase.
C. telophase.
D. prometaphase
E. metaphase

A

E

28
Q

Which of the following is true about the regulation produced by M-Cdk?
A. An activating kinase phosphorylates M-Cdk only after cyclin levels have accumulated, and this
phosphorylation leads to immediate activation of the M-Cdk.
B. The enzymatic activity of Cdc25 phosphatase is turned off only after cyclin has accumulated.
C. Cyclin must be degraded before M-Cdk becomes active to initiate M phase.
D. Lots of Cdc25 phosphatase is activated quickly by M-Cdk after some of this M-Cdk has been
activated, and this newly activated Cdc25 dephosphorylates an inhibitory site in other M- Cdk
molecules to activate them.
E. All of the above (A, B, C and D) are true

A

D

29
Q

Which of the following is (are) degraded as a result of the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) during
mitosis?
A. Securin
B. M-cyclin
C. Cohesins
D. A and B are correct but not C.
E. A, B and C are all correct.

A

E

30
Q

Caspases become activated when
A. their peptide bonds are cleaved
B. they bind to Bax
C. they bind to Bad
D. they bind to Bcl2
E. Any of the above (A, B, C or D) can activate caspases

A

A

31
Q

Cell survival rather than apoptosis is promoted (increased) when
A. transcription of the Bcl2 gene is increased in response to signaling from survival factor receptors.
B. Bad dissociates from Bcl2.
C. The activities of Bax and Bak are stimulated.
D. A and B increase cell survival.
E. A, B and C increase cell survival

A

D

32
Q

Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria stimulates apoptosis by stimulating the formation of what
complex?
A. single adaptor proteins
B. Bak/Bax
C. procaspase 7
D. an executioner caspase
E. the apoptosome

A

E

33
Q

A cell decides if the environment is right for it to divide (eg, is it big enough, are the extracellular signals telling it to divide?) at

A) the G1 checkpoint
B) the S checkpoint
C) the G2 checkpoint
D) the M checkpoint
E) the APC checkpoint

A

A

34
Q

An example of a protein that arrests (pauses) the cell cycle when it is phosphorylated is

A) the Rb protein
B) p53
C) the Cdc25 phosphatase
D) the ORC
E) the helicase

A

B

35
Q

Centrosomes

A. Duplicate during S/G2
B. Nucleate nonkinetochore microtubules
C. Nucleate kinetochore microtubules
D. Nucleate aster microtubules
E. All of the above (A, B, C and D) are true

A

E

36
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about apoptosis?

A )The caspase enzymes that activate apoptosis are activated by cleavage
B) Cytochrome c associates with an adaptor protein to create a structure that activates caspases.
C) An apoptotic cell typically does not spill its contents into the environment but is ingested by a phagocytic cell.
D) Survival factors can stimulate the production of cleaved caspases.
E) Bax and Bak stimulate apoptosis

A

D

37
Q

During muscle contraction, the myosin heads move progressively

A) closer to the minus end of the actin filaments on both sides of the sarcomere.
B) closer to the plus end of the actin filaments on both sides of the sarcomere.
C) closer to the minus end of the actin filaments on one side or the sarcomere and to the plus end of the actin filaments on the other side.
D) away from the Z discs on both sides
E) away from the Z disc on one side and towards the Z disc on the other side.

A

B

38
Q

Ca++ binds to _________ to allow the myosin filaments to interact with actin and move over it during skeletal muscle contraction.

A) calmodulin
B) tropomyosin
C) troponin
D) actin
E) protein kinase C

A

C

Cell Bio 202 (4 decks)

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