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GENERAL BIOLOGY > CELL CYCLE > Flashcards

CELL CYCLE Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells

A

Cell division

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2
Q

Cell division can occur through two main mechanisms: ________ and ________

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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3
Q

is the process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

during this phase, it grows, replicates, its chromosomes and prepares for cell division

A

Interphase

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5
Q

Interphase is composed of

A

G1 Phase (cell growth)
S phase (DNA synthesis)
G2 Phase (cell growth)

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6
Q

also called the first gap phase

A

G1 Phase

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7
Q

cell grows physically larger in this phase, copies organelles and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps

A

G1 Phase

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8
Q

-The cell synthesizes a complete copy of the dna in its nucleus
-also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome

A

S Phase

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9
Q

the centrosomes help separate DNA during what phase

A

M phase

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10
Q

the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis

A

G2 PHASE

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11
Q

_____phase ends when mitosis begins

A

G2 Phase

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12
Q

M PHASE (PMAT)

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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13
Q

the chromatin in the nucleus condenses into visible chromosomes

A

Prophase

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14
Q

responsible for organizing spindle fibers

A

centrosome

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15
Q

the nuclear envelope breaks down allowing the spindle fibers to attach to the chromosomes

A

Prophase

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16
Q

in this phase, the chromosomes line up along three equator of the cell called the _________

A

Metaphase
Metaphase Plate

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17
Q

during this stage the sister chromatids of each replicated chromosome separate are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers 

A

Anaphase

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18
Q

during this phase, the chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, and the nuclear envelope begins to reform around each set of chromosomes 

A

Telophase

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19
Q

The spindle fiber is assembled, and the cell begins to prepare for ________

A

Cytokinesis

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20
Q

Is the process by which the cell divides into two daughters cells

A

Cytokinesis

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21
Q

In animal cells a _______ and _________ forms around the cell contracting and pinching the cell membrane until the cell is divided into two separate cells

A

Contractile ring of actin
Myosin Filaments

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22
Q

cells in _____ phase are not actively preparing to divide. The cell is in a in a quiescent(inactive) stage that occurs when cells exit the cell cycle

A

G0 Phase

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23
Q

what are the cell cycle checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint
G2 Checkpoint
M checkpoint

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24
Q

What ate the things to consider in G1 checkpoint?

A
  • Size
  • Nutrients
  • Molecular Signals
  • Dna Integrity
  • Dna replication
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25
Q

The cell examines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules

A

M Checkpoint

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26
Q

True or False. The cycle will not proceed until all the chromosomes are firmly attached to at least two spindle fibers from opposite poles of the cell.

A

True

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27
Q

_______ and ________ cues trigger signaling pathways inside the cell that activate or inactivate a set of core proteins that move the cell cycle forward

A

Internal and External cues

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28
Q

promote progress of the cell to the next phase

A

Positive Regulation

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29
Q

Halts the cycle

A

Negative Regulation

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30
Q

are named such because they undergo a constant cycle of synthesis and degradation during cell division

POSITIVE REGULATORS

A

Cyclins

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31
Q

when cyclones are synthesize, they act as an activating protein, and find CDK forming a

A

Cyclin Cdk complex

32
Q

CDK

A

Cyclin Dependent Kinases

33
Q

Is an enzyme that adds negatively charged phosphate, groups to other molecules in the process called_________

A

Cyclin dependent protein Kinase (CDKs)
Phosphorylation

34
Q

Through this process, CDK signal the cell that it is ready to pass into the next stage of the cell cycle

A

Phosphorylation

35
Q

Mechanism of cyclin action

A
  • Cyclin binds and activates CDK
  • Cdk activates target protein to regulate cell cycle
  • cyclin destroyed
36
Q

are a group of tumor, suppressor proteins, common in many cells

NEGATIVE REGULATORS

A

Retinoblastoma Proteins

37
Q

The ______ and ______ designations referred to the functional molecular masses of the proteins in kilodaltons

A

53 and 21

38
Q

How important are the control points in the cell cycle for the growth and development of an organism?

A

it allows certain genes to check for problems and hold the cycle for repairs if something goes wrong

39
Q

explain what would happen if there were no control points in the cell cycle

A

cells divide without order and accumulate genetic errors that can lead to a cancerous tumor

40
Q

how long does the cell cycle take for humans?

A

24 hours

41
Q

True or false different cells take different length of time to complete the cell cycle

A

true

42
Q

Salivation begins in metaphase when the chromosomes duplicate true or false

A

false

43
Q

Mitosis occurs in somatic or body cells, give examples

A

Liver heart skin stomach

44
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

45
Q

The total number of chromosomes in the somatic cell

A

Diploid Number

46
Q

diploid means_________ and is written as _______

A

2 sets
2n

47
Q

This is the process by which a single cell divides into four daughters house, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

A

Meiosis

48
Q

Meiosis is critical for sexual reproduction as it allows for the production of _______

A

gametes

49
Q

For males, meiosis produces_______

A

4 sperm

50
Q

For females, meiosis produces

A

1 egg

51
Q

The other 3 cells are called ______, they give up their cytoplasm to nourish the 1 good egg

A

Polar bodies

52
Q

If humans deployed number is 46. What is its haploid number?

A

23

53
Q

Daploid number of a dog is 78, what is its haploid number

A

39

54
Q

when does meiosis occur in males?

A

Beginning at puberty

55
Q

when does meiosis occur in females?

A

Before birth

56
Q

Human have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells, but_________ chromosomes in their sex cells

A

23 (half ng chromosome number)

57
Q

Processed by which an egg and sperm unite

A

Fertilization

58
Q

Fertilized egg is called

A

zygote

59
Q

organism in early stage of development

A

Embryo

60
Q

__________are chromosomes with genes for the same trait, arranged in the same order

A

Homologous Chromosomes

61
Q

gene form for each variation of a trait of an organism

A

Allele

62
Q

PHASES OF MEIOSIS

A

PMAT I
PMAT II

63
Q

in this phase, each pair of homologous chromosomes to form a_______

A

Prophase I
Tetrad

64
Q

the homologous chromosomes come together, and the four chromatids overlap

A

Tetrad

65
Q

The exchange of genetic material by non-sister chromatids

A

Crossing Over

66
Q

shortest phase

A

Metaphase I

67
Q

occurs where pairs of homologous lineup independently of other pairs, orientation toward the poles

A

Independent Assortment

68
Q
  • spindle fibers attached to the centromeres of each pair
  • centromeres do not split like they do in mitosis
A

Anaphase I

69
Q
  • spindle fibers break down
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • Cytoplasm Devides
A

Telophase I

70
Q

The chromosomes condensed and then nuclear envelope breaks down, crossing over occurs

A

Prophase I

71
Q

Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell

A

Metaphase I

72
Q

homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell

A

Anaphase I

73
Q

chromosomes gather at the polls of the cells. the cytoplasm divides

A

Telophase I

74
Q

A new spindle forms around the chromosomes

A

Prophase II

75
Q

chromosomes lineup at the equator

A

Metaphase II

76
Q

Centromeres divide. chromatids move to the opposite poles of the cell

A

Anaphase II

77
Q

nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, the cytoplasm divides

A

Telophase II

GENERAL BIOLOGY (4 decks)

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