Cell cycle

Question 1

Morphological changes in apoptosis

Answer 1

Cell shrinkage cytoskeleton collapse nuclear envelope disassembly chromatin condensation and fragmentation cell membrane blabbing in the formation of apoptosis bodies

Question 2

Biochemical changes in apoptosis

Answer 2

Cleavage of chromosomal DNA by endonucleases loss of electric potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane movement of phosphatidylserine to the outer portion of the phospholipid membrane which signals the macrophages to phagocytize the apoptotic bodies without initiating an inflammatory response

Question 3

Caspase

Answer 3

Family of proteases that have a 16 at the active site and cleave target proteins at specific aspartic acid residues baby.com active from the inactive form called procaspases

Question 4

Proteins that are targeted by the caspase and relate to this observed by chemical morphological changes

Answer 4

Nuclear elements the result in the breakdown of the nuclear membrane and the nucleus inhibitors that allows the specific exonucleases to become active include the DNA in the nucleus cytoskeletal components sales around up cell to cell adhesion proteins sore to touch from their neighbours

Question 5

Mitosis stages

Answer 5

Prophase prophase metaphase anaphase and telophase

Question 6

Prophase

Answer 6

Chromosomes condense and become visible spindle fibres emerge from the centrosomes nuclear envelope breaks down centrosomes move toward opposite poles

Question 7

Prometaphase

Answer 7

Chromosomes continue to condense kinetochores appear at the centromeres mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores

Question 8

Metaphase

Answer 8

Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate each sister permitted is attached to a spindle fibre originating from opposite poles

Question 9

Anaphase

Answer 9

Centromeres split in two sister chromatids now called chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles certain spindle fibres begin to elongate the song

Question 10

Telophase

Answer 10

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense into envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes the mitotic spindle breaks down spindle fibres continue to push poles apart

Question 11

Cytokinesis

Answer 11

Animal cells a cleavage furrow separates the daughter cells plant cells a cell plate the precursor to a new cell wall separates the daughter cells