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ALS 2304 > Cell communication and endocrinology > Flashcards

Cell communication and endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

7 glands of the endocrine system

A
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroids
  • Ovary
  • Testes
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
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2
Q

Autocrine

A

Chemicals interact with cell that secreted it

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3
Q

Paracrine

A

Chemicals communicate with neighboring cells

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals released by neurons into the synapse (gap between neurons)

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5
Q

Hormones

A
  • Released by endocrine glands
  • Secreted into interstitial fluid
  • Diffuse into blood
  • Travel to distant target
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6
Q

Neurohormones

A

Neurotransmitter released and travels outside brain

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7
Q

Autocrine example

A

Histamine during inflammation

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8
Q

Paracrine example

A

Interleukins released during immune responses

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9
Q

Hormone example

A

Insulin

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10
Q

Neurohormone example

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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11
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Chains of amino acids and proteins

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12
Q

Steroids

A

Derived from cholesterol

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13
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Derived from arachidonic acid

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14
Q

Peptide hormone example

A

Insulin

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15
Q

Amino acid and their derivatives examples

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Serotin
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16
Q

Steroid examples

A
  • Estrogen
  • Testosterone
  • Cortisol
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17
Q

Eicosanoids examples

A
  • Prostaglandins
  • Leukotrienes
18
Q

Effector categories

A
  • Enzymes
  • Channels
  • Transporters
  • Transcription factors
19
Q

Activator categories

A
  • Ligand-gated channels
  • G protein-coupled receptors
  • Catalytic receptors
  • Nuclear receptors
  • Receptors that undergo cleavage
20
Q

Steps in signal transduction

A
  1. Signal by receptor
  2. Signal transduction from inside to outside of the cell
  3. Signal transmitted to effector
  4. Cellular response
  5. Termination
21
Q

Ligand gated

A
  • Integral membrane protein
  • Binding of receptor
  • Communication between electrically excitable cells
22
Q

Catalytic receptor

A
  • Integral membrane protein
  • Enzymes or part of enzyme complex
23
Q

Catalytic receptor examples

A
  • Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTX)
  • Often kinase or phosphates
24
Q

Protein kinase

A

Transfers a phosphate group to protein

25
Q

Phosphatases

A

Removes phosphate group from a protein

26
Q

Stimulatory

A

Activate amplifier enzymes

27
Q

Inhibitory

A

Inhibit amplifier enzymes

28
Q

GCPR Order

A
  1. Receptor associates with inactive G protein heterotrimeter (Resting State)
  2. Receptor G protein undergoes change that promotes exchange of GDP for GTP
  3. G protein dissociates from the receptor
  4. a-GTP and Br subunits dissociate
  5. Both a-GTP and By interact with their appropriate effectors
  6. a catalyzed hydrolysts of GTP to GDP inactivates and promotes reassembly of the trimer
29
Q

Protein Kinase A

A

Activated by cAMP

30
Q

PLC

A

Phospholipase C

31
Q

PIP2

A

Phosphatidyl Inositol biphosphate

32
Q

IP3

A

Inositol triphosphate

33
Q

DAG

A

Diacylglycerol

34
Q

Amplifier Enzyme: Phospholipase C

A
  1. Binds to receptor
  2. G protein activated
  3. Adenylate cyclase activated
  4. Adenylate cyclase generates cAMP molecules
  5. Protein Kinase A phosphorylates protein
35
Q

Nuclear receptors

A
  • Protein in cytosol or nucleus
  • Ligand-activated transcription factors
  • Ex) Steroid hormone
36
Q

Growth controlled by (Complementary actions)

A
  • GH
  • Insulin
  • IGF - 1
37
Q

Examples of processes regulated by the hypothalamus

A
  • Growth
  • Stress response
  • Lactation
  • Metabolic rate
38
Q

Hormonal regulation of growth

A
  • Hyperplasia
  • Hypertrophy
39
Q

Growth hormone primary regulator

A

Synthesized in anterior pituitary somatotrophs

40
Q

Effects due to somatotrophs

A

Insulin-like growth factor, IGFs

41
Q

Hypothalamic corticotropin

A

Releasing hormone starts processesx

ALS 2304 (2 decks)

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