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CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > CELL COMMUNICATION > Flashcards

CELL COMMUNICATION Flashcards

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1
Q

They hypothalamus and pituitary gland play what roles?

A

They play a role in homeostasis.

They link neuronal and endocrinological systems together.

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2
Q

Cholesterol makes up what percentage of cell membranes?

A

30%

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3
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor for a range of steroid hormones. Give examples of these hormones?

A

Cortisol
Estradiol
Testosterone
Vitamin B3

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4
Q

What are the two classes of steroids?

A

Corticosteroid

Sex steroids

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5
Q

What are the types of corticosteroid?

A

Mineralocorticoid

Glucocorticoid

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6
Q

What are the sex steroids?

A

Androgens
Oestrogens
Progestrogens

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7
Q

Whati s the structure of a typical nuclear receptor?

A 
N terminal domain
DNA binding domain
Hinge region
Ligand binding domain
C terminal domain
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8
Q

What is the structure of a DNA binding domain on a nuclear receptor?

A

Zinc fingers that contain 4x cysteine residues which co-ordinate with a zinc atom to form a looped structure that is able to access the major groove of the DNA double helix.

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9
Q

What are the transcriptional responses to nuclear receptor stimulation?

A

The steroid hormone activates primary response genes to synthesise proteins. The primary response proteins activate secondary genes and inhibits the primary response genes.

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10
Q

Glucocorticoids are widely use in medical therapy as the products of their target genes are what?

A

Immunosuppressors and potent inflammatory agents.

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11
Q

What is the disadvantage of using glucocorticoids?

A

The transcriptional target of GR singalling are vast and so there are many side effects.

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12
Q

In the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, cotricotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus causes production of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the pituitary gland. What does this stimulate?

A

Cortisol producion in the adrenal glands.

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13
Q

What is cortisol released in response to?

A

Stress and reduced blood sugar levels.

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14
Q

What does cortisol also affect?

A

Metabolism
Immune system
Electrolyte balance
Memory

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15
Q

What is Addisons Disease?

A

It is a disease of insufficient cortisol. This can be primarily due to damage of the adrenal glands or secondarily due to lack of ACTH.
This can cause depression, flu like symptoms,nausea, weight loss.

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16
Q

What is an Addisonian Crisis?

A

Any event that takes up a lot of cortisol such as infection or an accidental can be life threatening as there is not sufficient cortisol in the first place.

17
Q

What is Cushings Syndrome?

A

Increased levels of cortisol. Can be caused by a benign adenoma growing in the pituitary leading to increased adrenocorticotropic hormone production.
Also caused by long term steroid use.

18
Q

Where is insulin made?

A

In the beta cells of the pancrease in the Islets of Langerhans.

19
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

Destruction of beta cells.

20
Q

What is the insulin receptor made up of?

A

Hetero-tetramer linked by di-sulphide bonds

Tyrosine kinase activity

21
Q

What is the insulin receptor pathway?

A

Insulin binds to the receptor, this moves the two kinase domains closer together and they trans phosphorylate.
In addition, a closely associated docking portein, ISR1 also become tyrosine phosphorylated.
Activation of lipid kinase PI3K
Activation of multiple serine/threonine kinases, the most important being AKT.
This causes down stream effectors to carry out:
Lipid synthesis
Protein synthesis
Glycogen synthesis Glucose uptake

22
Q

What does good control of glucose levels depend on?

A

Two types of insulin:
Long acting ‘background’ insulin
Fast acting ‘bolus’ background insulin

23
Q

What can excess insulin lead to?

A

Hypo-glycaemia

24
Q

What does hypo-glycaemia entail?

A

Liver and muscles being stimulated to take up glucose
Too little blood sugar
Brain can only metabolise glucose
Can ultimately lead to unconsiousness and death.

25
Q

Good control of glucose levels prevents likelihood of what diabetic complications?

A 
Diabetic ulcers
Blindness
Hypertension
Neuropathy
Periodontal disease
26
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes caused by?

A

Dysregulation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism

Impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance and a combination of both.

27
Q

What is the treatment for diabetes type 2?

A

Metformin

Diet

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (12 decks)

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