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Biology Chapter 11 > Cell-Cell Interactions > Flashcards

Cell-Cell Interactions Flashcards

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1
Q

How are adjacent cells held together?

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. desmosomes
  3. gap junctions
  4. plasmodesmata (plants only)
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2
Q

Tight junctions are ___________ formed between adjacent cells

A

water-tight seals

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3
Q

Tight junctions prevent what?

A

passage of molecules between cells

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4
Q

Tight junctions are found between _________ cells

A

epithelial (intestines, lungs, etc)

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5
Q

Desmosomes are __________ that anchor the _________

A

strong adhesions; cytoskeleton

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6
Q

Desmosomes provide __________________ between cells

A

continuous structural support

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7
Q

Where are desmosomes found?

A

tissues that experience intense mechanical support (cardiac muscle, bladder, epithelia)

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8
Q

Gap junctions are _________ between adjacent cells

A

protein channels

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9
Q

Gap junctions allow __________ between cells

A

direct communication (animal and plant)

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10
Q

What are plasmodesmatas?

A

gaps in cell walls

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11
Q

Describe plasmodesmata?

A

no proteins involved and continuous plasma membrane and cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is involved in cell-cell signaling and distant communication?

A

hormones

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13
Q

What are hormones?

A

small molecules secreted to act on distant target cells

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14
Q

What are some examples of hormones?

A

steroids, peptides, gas, amino acid derivatives

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15
Q

What are the steps of cell-cell signaling?

A
  1. signal reception
  2. signal processing (transduction)
  3. signal response
  4. signal deactivation
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16
Q

What is signal reception?

A

different for lipid-soluble (hydrophylic) and lipid insoluble (hydrophobic) hormones

17
Q

What is signal processing?

A

second messengers or phosphorylation cascade

18
Q

What is a signal receptor?

A

protein that changes shape and activity after binding to a signal molecule

19
Q

receptors are _______ and the number of receptors can ________ over time

A

dynamic; change

20
Q

What does the dynamic characteristic of receptors cause?

A

increased/decreased sensitivity

21
Q

How can receptors be blocked?

A

drugs (beta blockers- block adrenaline binding to lower blood pressure)

22
Q

Describe signal reception with lipid soluble molecules

A
  • diffuse across cell membranes
  • bind to receptors in cytosol
  • can skip signal processing
  • typically transported to nucleus to affect transcription of DNA
23
Q

For signal reception w/ insoluble molecules, receptors are ___________

A

transmembrane proteins (signal binding initiates signaling pathway)

24
Q

Instead of direct response, lipid insoluble receptors trigger ________.

A

signal transduction

25
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

conversion of an extracellular signal to an intracellular signal

26
Q

What are examples of signal transduction?

A

second messengers and phosphorylation cascade

27
Q

What are the steps for signal reception with a lipid-insoluble molecules?

A
  1. signal molecule binds
  2. receptor undergoes conformational change
  3. receptor activates signal transduction inside the cell
28
Q

Receptor examples for lipid-insoluble

A

gated ion channels; GPCRs and RTKs

29
Q

What are second messengers in signal transduction?

A

small molecules that relay intracellular signals (ex cAMP derivative of ATP - activates kinases; and ions)

30
Q

What are phosphorylation cascades?

A

each kinase phosphorylates a different kinase until a response is triggered

31
Q

What are the typical responses of signal response?

A
  1. change in gene expression
  2. change in the activity of proteins
32
Q

Describe the characteristics of signal deactivation.

A
  1. responses and deactivation can occur very rapidly
  2. deactivation is different for different signal types
33
Q

When are G proteins deactivated?

A
  • after GTP hydrolysis
34
Q

Describe the deactivation of phosphorylation cascades.

A

Phosphatases remove phosphate groups from components

35
Q

Describe deactivation with second messengers.

A
  • Ca2+ - membrane pumps to return storage
  • cAMP, etc - enzymes break down
36
Q

What are the steps of cell signaling for lipid-soluble molecules?

A

lipid soluble –> directly to signal response –> signal deactivation

37
Q

What are the steps of cell signaling for lipid-INsoluble molecules?

A

lipid insoluble (GPCRs or RTKs) –> signal transduction (phosphorylation cascade OR second messengers) –> signal response –> signal deactivation

38
Q

What do unicellular organisms use for signaling?

A

quorum sensing

39
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

organisms secrete signaling molecules into the surrounding environment, sensed by others of the same type

Biology Chapter 11 (1 decks)

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