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Biology > Cell Boilogy > Flashcards

Cell Boilogy Flashcards

1
Q

What are two types of eukaryotic cell?

A

Animal and plant

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2
Q

What type of cell are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic

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3
Q

Where is DNA found in animal and plant cells?

A

In the nucleus

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

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5
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of respiration to transfer energy for the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy for photosynthesis

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7
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Enable production of proteins (protein synthesis)

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Strengthens and supports the cell

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9
Q

What is the structure of the main genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Single loop of DNA

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10
Q

How are electron microscopes different from light microscopes?

A

Of light, cannot be used to view living samples, are much more expensive, and have a much higher magnification and resolution

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11
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

Carries oxygen around the body

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12
Q

Give three adaptations of a red blood cell.

A
  • No nucleus
  • Contains a red pigment called haemoglobin
  • Has a bi-concave disc shape
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13
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

Carries electrical impulses around the body

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14
Q

Give two adaptations of a nerve cell.

A
  • Branched endings
  • Myelin sheath insulates the axon
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15
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

Fertilises an ovum (egg)

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16
Q

Give two adaptations of a sperm cell.

A
  • Tail
  • Contains lots of mitochondria
    Streamlined head
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17
Q

What is the function of a palisade cell?

A

Carries out photosynthesis in a leaf

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18
Q

Give two adaptations of a palisade cell.

A
  • Lots of chloroplasts
  • Located at the top surface of the leaf
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19
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

Absorbs minerals and water from the soil

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20
Q

Give two adaptations of a root hair cell.

A
  • Long projection
  • Lots of mitochondria
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21
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration along a concentration gradient

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22
Q

Name three factors that affect the rate of diffusion.

A
  • Concentration gradient
  • Temperature
  • Membrane surface area
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23
Q

How are villi adapted for exchanging substances?

A
  • Long and thin - increases surface area
  • One-cell-thick membrane - short diffusion pathway
  • Good blood supply - maintains a steep concentration gradient
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24
Q

How are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A
  • Alveoli - large surface area
  • Moist membranes - increases rate of diffusion
  • One-cell-thick membranes - short diffusion pathway
  • Good blood supply - maintains a steep concentration gradient
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25
Q

How are vili adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A
  • Large surface area for gases to diffuse across
  • Thin layer of cells - short diffusion pathway
  • Good blood supply - maintains a steep concentration gradient
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26
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

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27
Q

Give one example of osmosis in a plant.

A

Water moves from the soil into the root hair cell

28
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration

29
Q

Why is active transport needed in plant roots?

A

Concentration of mineral ions in the soil is lower than inside the root hair cells

30
Q

What is the purpose of active transport in the small intestine?

A

Sugars can be absorbed when the concentration of sugar in the small intestine is lower than the concentration of sugar in the blood

31
Q

What type of cells are bacteria cells
Prokaryotic/eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotic

32
Q

Prokaryotic cells are much _________ than eukaryotic cells and have a cell wall, cell ___________ and cytoplasm but do not have a nucleus, mitochondria or chloroplasts.

A

Smaller
Membrane

33
Q

Prokaryotic cells have a __________ ___________ _____ _______ and several small rings of DNA called ______ , which are free inn the cytoplasm.
Some bacteria cells have a slime capsule for ___________and a flagella to help them -________

A

Single loop of DNA
Plasmids
Protection
Move

34
Q

Job of xylem

A

Transport water and minerals around the body

35
Q

Job of phloem

A

Transports sugar in stem

36
Q

Adaptations of phloem

A

Have sieve plates kept alive by companion cells

37
Q

Adaptations of xylem (3)

A

-hollow tubes
-strong to support stem
-cell wall with lignin (dead)

38
Q

Is xylem in a plant or an animal

39
Q

Is phloem in a plant or an animal

40
Q

Explain how to change the magnification on a light microscope

A

First change the magnification power of the objective lens by switching to a higher lens.

41
Q

Explain how to focus the image on a light microscope

A

Use the course focussing knob and then the fine focussing knob to bring the image into focus

42
Q

What do we add to onion skin when looking at it under a light microscope

A

Coloured dye , iodine

43
Q

Magnification measurements
How to go from a centimetre to a millimetre

A

Times by 10

44
Q

Units of measurement magnification
How do you get from a micrometer to a millimetre

A

Divide by 1000

45
Q

Units of measurement magnification
How do you get from a nanometre to a micrometer

A

Divide by 1000

46
Q

Formula for calculating cell magnification from images

A

Magnification = image size/ actual size

47
Q

Describe the 4 steps of mitosis

A
  1. Chromosomes are replicated
  2. Each pair of chromosomes is pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell
  3. DNA replicated
  4. Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 genetically identical cells
48
Q

2 types of stem cells

A

Embryonic
Adult

49
Q

What can stem cells be used for?

A
  • treat blood illnesses : lekimia - cancer in the bone marrow
  • personalise medicine
  • replace damaged organs
50
Q

Definition embryonic stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells can develop onto all different types of cells in the body

51
Q

Definition adult stem cells

A

Adult stem cells can only develop into a limited number of cells

52
Q

Definition of stem cells

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells that can differentiate into many different cell types

53
Q

What is the test for sugar?

A

Benedict’s warm turns red/orange

54
Q

What are the four functions of a skeleton

A

Protect
Support
Move
make blood- red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells

55
Q

What are the small air sacs in your lungs

56
Q

What part of a skeleton makes blood cells

A

Bone marrow

57
Q

What is the test for starch

A

Iodine turns black

58
Q

What is the test for protein

A

Biurets reagent turns lilac

59
Q

Which enzyme breaks down sugar

60
Q

Which enzyme breaks down starch

A

Carbohydrase / amylase

61
Q

Which enzyme breaks down protein

62
Q

Which enzyme breaks down. Fats

63
Q

Formula for anaerobic respiration

A

Human
Glucose - lactic acid +energy
Other
Glucose - carbon dioxide +ethonal + energy

64
Q

Formula for areobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water

65
Q

True or false
An organ is only made up of 1 type of tissue

66
Q

What is the substance that fills the vacuole and what does it do

A

Cell sap
- storage of materials
- mechanical support

Biology (3 decks)

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