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Cell Biology Unit 2 > Cell Biology Unit 2 > Flashcards

Cell Biology Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the fundamental units and the smallest units of life?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What do ALL cells have?

A

Plasma Membrane, DNA, Ribosomes, Cytosol/Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What cells can life be divided into?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of Cell Theory?

A
  1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
  2. All living organisms are made of cells
  3. All cells come from PRE-existing cells
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5
Q

What are the domains classified as Prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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6
Q

What kingdoms hold Eukaryotes?

A

Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals

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7
Q

What do you have to have to be considered a prokaryote?

A

No Nucleus, Less organelles, single celled, either a bacteria or archaea, non-membrane bound organelles

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8
Q

What do you have to have to be considered a eukaryote?

A

Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, either a fungi, protist, plant, or animal, and multi-cellular

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9
Q

What happens when cells are too large?

A

They will starve to death or drown in their own waste; the process to take in nutrients or excrete waste through their plasma membrane is slowed down

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10
Q

Why are small cells the best cells?

A

When taking in nutrients and excreting waste, the process is very fast; nutrients come in sooner and wastes exits body faster

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11
Q

Describe a nucleus

A

Usually the largest organelle in the cell; contains DNA, RNA, and proteins

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12
Q

What is a nuclear envelope?

A

Protects the DNA from DNAse enzymes in the cytosol that destroys DNA
Located on the outside of the nucleus for protection

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13
Q

What is a pore complex?

A

Located on the nuclear envelope
Allows and control what molecules enter and exit the nucleus

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14
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

Is a complex of DNA and proteins; make up eukaryotic chromosomes

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15
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

1 or more regions in nucleus; does not have a membrane around it
Function: Involved in processing RNA and making ribosomes

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16
Q

What are ribosomes and their functions?

A

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes; it is put together in the nucleolus
Complex of rRNA and protein molecules, it is the site of protein synthesis

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17
Q

What is in the Endomembrane System? What is the Endomembrane System?

A
  • An extensive series of membranes
    Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER, SER)
    Lysosomes
    Vacuoles
    Golgi Apparatus
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18
Q

What is an endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Complex membranes associate with nuclear envelope divided into 2 sections
1. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

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19
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

Makes cellular products like hormones and lipids

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20
Q

What is the function of RER?

A

Produces proteins for the cell; site for protein synthesis

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21
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus and its functions?

A

Made of flattened membranes
Responsible for shipping and receiving center for proteins

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22
Q

What are lysosomes and its functions?

A

Digestive compartments in ANIMAL cells
a. Phagocytosis- cell eating
b. Organelle recycling or autophagy

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23
Q

What is a vacuole and its functions?

A

Considered specialized lysosomes
Central vacuoles found in plant cells (vacuoles can be found in both animals and plant cells)
Maintenance compartments that function as food vacuoles and contractile vacuoles
- Store large amounts of water, helps maintains its firm shape

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24
Q

What is the mitochondria and its function?

A

Considered the “powerhouse” of the cell
Produces ATP
Comprised of an outer, inner membrane and the matrix
Mitochondrial DNA to trace matrilineal line

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25
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

A

Origin of the mitochondria and chloroplasts

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26
Q

What are centrosomes and its functions?

A

Structure in the cytoplasm of an animal cell; microtubule organizing structure with two centrioles
Functions in cell division

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27
Q

What are cytoskeletons and its functions?

A

Network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm
Serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions

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28
Q

What are in cytoskeletons?

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments

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29
Q

What do microtubules do in the cytoskeleton?

A

Hollow tubes (compression-bearing elements)
1. maintenance of cell shape
2. cell motility
3. organelle movements

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30
Q

What do microfilaments do in the cytoskeleton?

A

Two intertwined strands of actin (tension-bearing elements)
1. maintenance of cell shape
2. changes in cell shape
3. muscle contractions

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31
Q

What do intermediate filaments do in the cytoskeleton?

A

Fibrous proteins coiled into cables (tension-bearing elements)
1. Maintenance of cell
2. Anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles
3. Formation of nuclear lamina

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32
Q

Describe the Cilium and its functions

A

Short appendages containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells
Motile Cilium- specialized for locomotion and movement of fluid past the cell
Primary Cilium- usually nonmotile; plays a sensory and signaling role

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33
Q

Describe the flagellum and its function

A

Long cellular appendage
Specialized for locomotion

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34
Q

What organelles are unique to plant cells?

A

Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Vacuoles

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35
Q

Describe chloroplasts and its function

A

Only found in plants and photosynthetic protists
Synthesizes complex carbohydrates from sunlight and CO2 through the process of photosynthesis

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36
Q

Describe cell wall and its functions

A

Surrounds the plasma membrane of plants cells
Provides strength and protection for the internal contents of the cell
Regulates cell growth

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37
Q

What are ALL cells surrounded by?

A

Plasma Membrane

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38
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Regulates what goes into or comes out of the cell (Bouncer of the cell); NOT FILTERS
Separates outside from inside of the cell
Goes in: Food such as glucose, water, and oxygen
Goes out: Waste such as CO2 among other cells

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of the plasma membrane?

A

Semi-permeable/selectively-permeable
Strong
Flexible

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40
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane?

A

All membranes are a combination of phospholipids arranged in the bilayer
- Proteins are embedded in this phospholipid bilayer
Received the name because the membrane with its different components look like a mosaic

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41
Q

What are the (4) main components of the Plasma Membrane?

A
  1. Phospholipid Bilayer
  2. Protein
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Carbohydrates
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42
Q

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

A

Forms a bilayer to make the membrane
Can only move LATERALLY
Only allows small uncharged molecules (O2, CO2, N2, steroids) and small uncharged polar molecules (H2O, glycerol, urea, and ethanol) passes through

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43
Q

What is the function proteins in the plasma membrane?

A

Transport
Enzymes
Receptors
Cell ID
Joining Cells

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44
Q

What is the function of cholesterol for plasma membranes?

A

Add rigidity to animal membranes

45
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates of a plasma membrane?

A

Located on the outside of the cell, which are used by the immune system of mammals to recognize whether a cell is friend or foe

46
Q

What can pass through the plasma membrane?

A

Small uncharged polar molecules
H2O, CO2, Urea, N2, O2, Steroid, Ethanol Glycerol

47
Q

What cannot go through the plasma membrane?

A

Large uncharged polar molecules
Glucose, sucrose, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, H+, K+

48
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates and what are they attached to?

A
  1. Glycoproteins: attached to proteins
  2. Glycolipids: attached to the lipid head
49
Q

What are the two types of protein, their functions and where are they located?

A
  1. Integral Proteins: Between the phospholipid bilayer; often transport and sometimes as enzymes
  2. Peripheral Proteins: Under bilayer; involved in cell signaling
50
Q

What are intercellular joining and the (3) types?

A

How cells are joined together
1. Gap Junctions
2. Desmosomes
3. Tight Junctions

51
Q

What are Gap Junctions?

A

Cytoplasmic channels between cells in plants and heart muscles

52
Q

What are Desmosomes?

A

Acts as rivets to glue cells together as muscles cells

53
Q

What are Tight Junctions?

A

Seal cells together as in epithelial cells

54
Q

What are the two things proteins can be attached to?

A

Extracellular matrix and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

55
Q

What are the (4) types of transport for proteins?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Equilibrium
  3. Osmosis
  4. Active Transport
56
Q

What are the different types of diffusion?

A

Passive Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion

57
Q

Describe passive diffusion

A

Requires no energy to move from high to low concentration

58
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion and the types of proteins used

A

Can also be passive, however uses a protein to aid in passing through molecules
Passive transport aided by proteins
Channel Proteins
Carrier Proteins

59
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

A type of transport protein; uses tunnels through the membrane
Size of channel determines what molecules passes through

60
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Shape-changers to bring molecules through the membrane with protein
Rocking motion used to get molecules through

61
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of free water; passage of water molecules across semi-permeable membrane from a solution with high concentration to a solution with a lower concentration

62
Q

What are Aquaporins used in osmosis?

A

Channel proteins used to passively transport water across the membrane with no energy

63
Q

What is used to study osmosis in lab?

A

Dialysis Tubing

64
Q

What are cells and extracellular fluids considered?

A

Solutions

65
Q

Describe the active transport and what is required to perform

A

Cells need to transport molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient
Requires:
1. Energy, usually ATP
2. Carrier protein

66
Q

What are the (3) basic types of active transport pumps?

A
  1. Uniport
  2. Symport
  3. Antiport
67
Q

What is the primary active transport pump and most important?

A

Na+/K+ Pump
An antiport; transport 3 Na+ from inside to outside and 2 K+ from outside to inside

68
Q

What is cotransport or secondary transport?

A

Transport of 2 solutes with different concentration
When one solute moves down the concentration gradient, it creates energy for another solute to move down the gradient as well

69
Q

What is a coupled transport?

A

Have 2 carrier proteins involved 1st carrier protein uses ATP to move substance 1 across the membrane against gradient (storing potential energy); then it allows substance 2 to move up its concentration gradient

70
Q

What is vesicular/bulk transport?

A

Moves molecules across the membrane that are too BIG for channels or carriers

71
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of bulk transport?

A
  1. Endocytosis- movement of materials in cell via membranous vesicles
  2. Exocytosis- movement out of cells via membranous vesicles
72
Q

What is phagocytosis and pinocytosis in endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis is the intake of solid particle
Pinocytosis is the intake of liquids

73
Q

What is local signaling?

A

Animal cells involve direct contact or the secretion of local regulators

74
Q

What is long distance signaling?

A

Animal and plant cells uses HORMONES
Animals can also pass signals electrically

75
Q

Just like epinephrine, what are the three stage cell signaling pathways that hormones bind to membrane receptors?

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
76
Q

What is reception in the signal transduction pathway?

A

A signaling molecules binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape

77
Q

What are the (3) major types of cell-surface transmembrane receptors?

A
  1. GPCRs
  2. RTKs
  3. Ligand-gated Ion Channels
78
Q

What is a signaling molecule called?

A

Ligand

79
Q

What are intracellular receptors?

A

Is a type of reception that occurs in the cell because the signaling molecule is either hydrophobic or small enough to cross the plasma membrane
- Are cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins

80
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Integrates multiple cell signaling pathways
A type of programmed cell death in which cell components are disposed of in an orderly fashion

81
Q

What are the two main enzymes involved in apoptosis which death signals leads to activate?

A
  1. Caspases
  2. Nucleases
82
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Interaction between molecules, may build large molecules from smaller ones and some breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
- Manages the material and energy resources of the cell

83
Q

What are metabolic pathways? What are the two types of pathways?

A

Series of defined steps beginning with a starting molecule and ending with a PRODUCT
Catabolic Pathways
Anabolic or biosynthetic pathways

84
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

Breaks down larger molecules to smaller ones; releasing energy
- Cellular Respiration

85
Q

What are anabolic or biosynthetic pathways?

A

Build up large biomolecules from smaller ones
- Usually REQUIRES energy

86
Q

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed but it CANNOT be created or destroyed
- Not 100% efficient; energy is lost most times (heat) which INCREASES entropy/disorder in the world

87
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation INCREASES the entropy of the universe

88
Q

What is entropy?

A

Measure of molecular disorder or randomness

89
Q

What is Free Energy (delta G)?

A

Energy that is needed at a given temperature and entropy

90
Q

What happens when G<0?

A

The reaction is spontaneous

91
Q

What happens when G>0?

A

Reaction needs input energy and is unstable

92
Q

What is the formula for free energy (delta G)?

A

energy of the final state- energy of the initial state

93
Q

What does ATP power?

A

Cellular Work

94
Q

What are the (3) main kinds of work that uses ATP?

A
  1. Chemical work: Often making larger molecules from smaller ones where the product(s) have higher free energy so less entropy in products
  2. Transport work: Active transport against concentration gradient
  3. Mechanical work: such as moving cilia or moving muscles
95
Q

What is ATP and the structure?

A

Type of nucleotide
Made of adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphates

96
Q

What is the structure of ADP?

A

Made of adenine, ribose sugar, and 2 phosphates

97
Q

What does hydrolysis do to ATP?

A

When adding water to break down ATP it turns into ADP+ Pi + Energy

98
Q

What does 2 molecules need for a chemical reaction to occur?

A

Sufficient force and correct orientation

99
Q

What is exergonic (exothermic) profile?

A

Energy is leaving the reaction

100
Q

What is endergonic (endothermic) profile?

A

Takes energy out of the environment

101
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that increase the success of chemical reaction by lowering energy of activation
- Makes chemical reactions happen faster

102
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Active sites are formed in the protein enzyme, substrates (reactants) are then placed in that site so a reaction can occur
If the reaction is endergonic, ATP may be used
If the reaction is exergonic, ATP may be made from ADP

103
Q

Are enzymes substrate specific?

A

Yes, they only allow substrates attach to them

104
Q

What are factors that affect enzymes activity?

A

Temperature, pH, Substrate Concentration

105
Q

What are enzyme inhibitors?

A

Inhibitors slow down or completely stop an enzymatic reaction

106
Q

What are the three types of enzyme inhibitors?

A

Competitive
Non-competitive
Allosteric Activators

107
Q

What is a feedback inhibitor?

A

A form of non-competitive inhibitor that involves in regulating pathways

108
Q

What does it mean for an enzyme to be a catalyst?

A

Not used up in the reaction

109
Q
A

Cell Biology Unit 2 (1 decks)

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