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Biology > Cell Biology | Topic 1 > Flashcards

Cell Biology | Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells that are common?

A

The two main cells are Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.

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2
Q

What are the five structures that are encompassed in animal cells?

A

These are nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosome.

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3
Q

What are the three structures that are present in a plant cell but aren’t in an animal cell?

A

These are the cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts.

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4
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

The chloroplasts contain chloro phyll that absorbs light needed for photosynthesis(chloro phyll is a green pigment).

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5
Q

What type of cells are eukaryotic cells?

A

They are complex cells(animal and plant cells).

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6
Q

What type of cells are prokaryotic cells?

A

They are small and simple cells(bacteria).

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7
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.

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8
Q

What are the two structures that bacteria cells DO NOT have?

A

They do not have chloroplasts and mitochondria.

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9
Q

‘Bacteria cells’ don’t have a ‘true’ nucleus, what do they have instead?

A

They have a singular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm.

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10
Q

Give two differences in structure between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  • Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells
  • Prokaryotic don’t have a mitochondria but eukaryotic cells do
  • Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA but eukaryotic cells don’t
  • Prokaryotic cells don’t have a ‘true’ nucleus but eukaryotic cells do
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11
Q

What is the process of differentiation?

A

Differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialized for its job.

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12
Q

What does differentiation allow?

A

It allows cells to carry out specific functions.

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13
Q

When is the ability of differentiation lost in animal cells?

A

It is lost at an early stage after it has become specialized.

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14
Q

True or False- Plants lose the ability to differentiate at an early stage?

A

False, plants don’t ever lose this ability.

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15
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called?

A

They are called stem cells.

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16
Q

The cells that differentiate in mature animals are mainly used for what?

A

They are used for repairing and replacing cells.

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17
Q

What are sperm cells specialized for?

A

They are specialized for reproduction.

18
Q

What is the function of a sperm?

A

It has to basically get the male DNA to the female DNA.

19
Q

How is a sperm adapted to be good at its job?

A
  • It has a long tail and streamlined head to help it swim
  • There are a lot of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
  • It also carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cells membrane.
20
Q

What are the nerve cells specialized for?

A

They are specialized for rapid signaling.

21
Q

How are nerve cells adapted to do their job?

A
  • The cells are long to cover more distance

- They have branch connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and perform a network throughout the body.

22
Q

What is the function of nerve cells?

A

There function is to carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another.

23
Q

What are muscle cells specialized to do?

A

They are specialized for contraction.

24
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

The function of a muscle cell is to contract quickly.

25
Q

How is a muscle cell adapted to do its job?

A
  • The cells are long so they have space to contract

- They contain lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed for contraction.

26
Q

What are root hair cells specialized for?

A

They are specialized for absorbing water and minerals.

27
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to do their function?

A

-Root hair cells give the roots a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil.

28
Q

What are phloem and xylem specialized for?

A

They are specialized for transporting substances.

29
Q

What do phloem and xylem tubes transport?

A

They transport food and water around the plant.

30
Q

How are phloem and xylem tubes formed?

A

The cells are long and joined end to end.

31
Q

True or False- are xylem cells hollow in the center?

A

True.

32
Q

Why do phloem cells have very few subcellular structures?

A

Phloem cells have very few subcellular structures so that materials can flow through them.

33
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Chromosomes contain genetic information.

34
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

The nucleus contains your genetic material in forms of chromosomes.

35
Q

How many copies do body cells have of each chromosome?

A

They have one copy from the organisms ‘mother’ and one from its ‘father’(2 copies).

36
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are their in a human cell?

A

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes from a human cell.

37
Q

What are the three things why the cell cycle makes new cells?

A

The cell cycle makes new cells for growth, development and repair.

38
Q

What is the stage of the cell cycle called when the cell divides?

A

It is called Mitosis.

39
Q

Why do multicellular organisms use Mitosis?

A

They use Mitosis to grow or replace cells that have been damaged.

40
Q

What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?

A

The two main stages are growth replication and mitosis.

41
Q

Describe the first main stage of the cell cycle?

A

1) In a cell that is not dividing the DNA is all spread out in long strings.
2) Before it divides the cell has to grow and increase the amount of subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes.
3) It then duplicates it’s DNA- the DNA is copied and forms X-shaped chromosomes. The left arm has the same DNA as the right arm. Each is arm is an exact duplicate of the other

42
Q

Describe the second main stage of the cell cycle?

A

4) The chromosomes line up at the center of the cell and the cell fibers pull them apart. The two arms of the chromosome go to the opposite ends of the cell.
5) Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes

Biology (4 decks)

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