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BL3620: Cell Biology > Cell Biology Final Exam FA21 - PART I (CH1, 2, 4) > Flashcards

Cell Biology Final Exam FA21 - PART I (CH1, 2, 4) Flashcards

Intro to cells Chemical Comp of Cells Protein Structure and Function

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1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

Cells come from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Who is responsible for the cell theory?

A

Rudolf Virchow

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3
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya

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4
Q

Which domains are closely related to each other?

A

Eukarya and Archaea. Bacteria evolved first.

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5
Q

What is the evidence for Eukarya and Archaea being closely related?

A

Similarities in RNA polymerase (8-12 subunits) and resistance to antibiotics.

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6
Q

Archaea:

  • Nucleus
  • Membrane-Bound Organelles
  • Cell Wall
  • Starting AA & Protein Synthesis
  • RNA poly
  • Ribosomes
  • Sensitivity to antibiotics
  • Fatty Acid Linkages
  • Chromosome
  • Translation
A
  • Nucleus: Absent
  • Membrane-Bound Organelles: None
  • Cell Wall: Protein/Sugars
  • Starting AA & Protein Synthesis: Met
  • RNA poly: 8-12 Subunits
  • Ribosomes: 70s
  • Sensitivity to antibiotics: No
  • Fatty Acid Linkages: Ether
  • Chromosome: Single, circular
  • Translation: mRNA translated into proteins
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7
Q

Eubacteria:

  • Nucleus
  • Membrane-Bound Organelles
  • Cell Wall
  • Starting AA & Protein Synthesis
  • RNA poly
  • Ribosomes
  • Sensitivity to antibiotics
  • Fatty Acid Linkages
  • Chromosome
  • Translation
A
  • Nucleus: Absent
  • Membrane-Bound Organelles: None
  • Cell Wall: Peptidoglycan
  • Starting AA & Protein Synthesis: fMet (formulated)
  • RNA poly: 4 subunits
  • Ribosomes: 70s
  • Sensitivity to antibiotics: Yes
  • Fatty Acid Linkages: Ester
  • Chromosome: Single, Circular
  • Translation: Occurs at 5’ end of mRNA is synthesized.
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8
Q

Eukarya:

  • Nucleus
  • Membrane-Bound Organelles
  • Cell Wall
  • Starting AA & Protein Synthesis
  • RNA poly
  • Ribosomes
  • Sensitivity to antibiotics
  • Fatty Acid Linkages
  • Chromosome
  • Translation
A
  • Nucleus: Present
  • Membrane-Bound Organelles: Present
  • Cell Wall: Polymers sugar (cellulose in plants)
  • Starting AA & Protein Synthesis: Met
  • RNA poly: 8-12 subunits
  • Ribosomes: 80s
  • Sensitivity to antibiotics: No
  • Fatty Acid Linkages: Ester
  • Chromosome: Multiple, linear
  • Translation: mRNA is translated into proteins in Eukaryotes
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of life?

A 
Highly organized 
Homeostasis 
Reproduction 
Growth and Development 
Take energy and matter from the environment 
Respond to stimuli 
Adaptation
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10
Q

What is necessary for life to emerge on a planet?

A

Liquid Water
Energy Sun
Carbon (basic unit)

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11
Q

What is the NASA definition of life?

A

A self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian Evolution

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12
Q

What are the origins of Life/Cells? [steps]

A
  1. ) Formation of organic molecules in primitive earth atmosphere - Miller (1950) experiment
  2. ) Formation of macromolecules - AA, Sugars, nucleic acids
  3. ) Macromolecules direct their own synthesis
  4. ) Enclosure of self-replication RNA in membrane - Phospholipid Bilayer
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13
Q

Describe the miller- Urey experiment

A

Simulate the atmosphere via gases to see what would happen when heat/lightning added, went 1 week

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14
Q

Results of Miller - Urey experiment

A

Found nucleic acid and all 20 amino acids (building blocks)

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15
Q

What gases were thought to be present in the early atmosphere?

A

H2O, CH3, NH3, H2, CO

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16
Q

If O2 was present in the Miller - Urey experiment why would it not work?

A

It would oxidize organic molecules necessary for life

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17
Q

What are the origins of Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Step 1: Acquisition of a Membrane
○ Mitochondria
○ Chloroplast
■ Gave cell photosynthesis/cellular respiration, thought to be once free-living bacteria

  1. Development of multicellular organisms
    ○ 70s bacteria
    ○ 80s eukaryotic
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18
Q

Describe the origin of the mitochondira and chloroplasts

A

Endosymbiotic theory

-Idea that mitochondria and chloroplast emerged from prokaryotic cells (like bacteria)

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19
Q

Evidence of Endosymbiotic theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own ribosomes and generate material in shape of circle (like bacteria)

Mito/Chloro also have two membranes - this shows absorption of Prokaryotic cell to Eukaryotic cell (relic)

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20
Q

Description and Function: Nucleus

A

Stores DNA

Control, Genetic material storage

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21
Q

Description and Function: Chromosomes

A

Histone help shape

Genetic info/coding

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22
Q

Description and Function: Nuclear Envelope

A

2 membranes with nuclear pores

Let things in/out of nucleus

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23
Q

Description and Function: Nucleous

A

Inside nucleus where stuff happens

Where RNA synthesis occurs

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24
Q

Description and Function: Nuclear Lamina

A

Made up of fibrous material that give structure to nucleus

Gives structure to nucleus

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25
Q

Description and Function: Mitochondira

A

Double Membrane
Cristae: inner folds - ETC, ATP generation
Matrix: liquid material (Resp)

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26
Q

Description and Function: Chloroplast

A

Double Membrane
Stroma: Liquid material (calvin cycle)
Thylakoids: Disc like structures; light dependent reactions [photosynthesis]

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27
Q

Description and Function: Smooth ER

A

Nuclear envelope cont. connection with ER

Where phospholipids ar made, carb metabolism, detox poisons

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28
Q

Description and Function: Golgi Apparatus

A

Stacked membrane

Gets proteins from rough ER (where they are synthesized) modified through sugar residue so they go where they need to go

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29
Q

Description and Function: Lysosomes

A

Darker than peroxisomes

Recycle center, proteins go to be degraded & some cellular structures

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30
Q

Description and Function: Peroxisomes

A

Lighter than lysosomes

Any reactions requiring H2O2 occur here (so it is not toxic to cell)

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31
Q

Description and Function: Cytoskeleton

A

Made from globular proteins
Associated with Myosin and muscle movement
Connectional movement

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32
Q

Why do we use E. coli as a model organism?

A
  • Prokaryote
  • Amino acids/coding genetic info
  • fundamental mechanisms of life

DISADVANTAGE: too simple for eukaryotic organisms

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33
Q

Why do we use Brewer’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a model organism?

A
  • Cell cycle decoded
  • Find what controls DNA synthesis, mitosis, etc.
  • Genes conserved in eukaryotes
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34
Q

Why do we use Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism?

A
  • close related to flowering plants
  • plant models
  • short life cycle
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35
Q

Why do we use Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism?

A
  • Short life cycles

- Examine development genes, gene transfer, movement of cells

36
Q

Why do we use C. elegans as a model organism?

A
  • Nematode worm
  • adult form has 959 cells, 70% genes common in humans
  • study development and apoptosis (aka in relation to cancer)
37
Q

Why do we use Xenopus laevis as a model organism?

A
  • Frog
  • Large eggs to see development. Follow with naked eye
  • Early development model
38
Q

Why do we use Danio rerio as a model organism?

A
  • Zebra fish
  • Embryo transparent (look at vert. development)
  • X linked model system to look at vertebrae development
39
Q

List the functional groups (9) & Draw structures

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. aldehyde
  3. ketone
  4. carbonyl
  5. ether
  6. amino
  7. phosphate
  8. carboxyl
  9. esters
40
Q

What are the four groups of molecules found in cells?

A
  1. Sugar
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
41
Q

What are the properties of water?

A
  1. Universal Solvent
  2. Cohesion/Adhesion
  3. Solid water is less dense than liquid water
  4. High specific heat capacity
  5. High heat of vaporization
42
Q

Water: Universal Solvent

A

Dissolves more substance than any other liquid. Can carry nutrients, minerals, chemicals

43
Q

Water: Cohesion/Adhesion

A

Cohesion: stick to water (capillary action)
Adhesion: water sticks to non-water things, move against gravity

44
Q

Water: Solid water is less dense than liquid water

A

Ice is less dense than liquid water so it floats

45
Q

Water: High specific heat capacity

A

Can absorb a lot of heating without a significant rise in the temperature - stabilizes in climate systems

46
Q

Water: High heat of vaporization

A

The energy needed to turn H2O to vapor - moderates temperature of ecosystem; prevents overheating

47
Q

Macromolecules: Sugars - what are the types of sugars

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
48
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Energy storage and building blocks for larger sugar, glucose, mannose, galactose

49
Q

Disaccharides

A

Quick energy storage, sucrose, lactose, maltose

50
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Energy storage allows for changes in concentration gradient which influences the uptake of nutrients by H2O cells, starch, glycogen, peptidoglycan

51
Q

What are the types of lipids?

A
  1. Saturated FA

2. Unsaturated FA

52
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

No double bonds
better for packing
“straight”

53
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Double bounds, less packing

“kink”

54
Q

Do Unsaturated FA or Saturated FA have more fluidity? Why?

A

There is more fluidity with unsaturated fatty acids because the double-bonded C’s cause
kinks in the hydrocarbon chain allowing for more space and fluidity

55
Q

Amino Acids: Acidic

A

Acidic, Negative
Aspartate
Glutamate

Asp, D
Glu, E

56
Q

Amino Acids: Basic

A

Basic, Positive
Lysine
Arginine
Histidine

Lys, L
Arg, R
His, H

57
Q

Amino Acids: Uncharged Polar

A 
Serine
Threonine
Cysteine
Asparagine
Glutamate
Ser, S
Thr, T
Cys, C
Asn, N
Gln, Q
58
Q

Amino Acids: Non-Polar

A 
Glycine
Alanine
Proline
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Gly, G
Ala, A
Pro, P
Val, V
Leu, L
Ile, I
Met, M
Phe, F
Tyr, Y
Trp, W
59
Q

What are the nucleic acids?

A

DNA (ACTG)

RNA (ACUG)

60
Q

How is the shape of protein determined?

A

The shape of the protein is determined by protein folding - due to electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, hydrophobic effect.

61
Q

What are alpha and beta helices [shape and structure of proteins]

A

Result form H-bonds that form between the N-H and C double bounded O groups in polypeptide backbone

62
Q

Beta sheets [shape and structure of proteins]

A

Run parallel or antibparallel

63
Q

Primary protein structure [shape and structure of proteins]

A

sequence of a chain of AA

64
Q

Secondary protein structure [shape and structure of proteins]

A

Occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

65
Q

Tertiary protein structure [shape and structure of proteins]

A

Occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha-helices and pleated sheets
3D structure

66
Q

Quaternary protein structure [shape and structure of proteins]

A

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

Subunits - ex. hemoglobin

67
Q

What are disulfide bonds?

[Covalent cross linkages]

A

Stabilize protein against unfolding and dissociation (cysteine)

68
Q

What are intermolecular bonds?

A

Between SEPERATE proteins

69
Q

What are intramolecular bonds?

A

Between the SAME proteins

70
Q

Briefly describe prions.

A

● Single protein
● No genetic material
● Mostly brian diseases
● Cause a misfolding in a protein

71
Q

What is Kuru? Describe and list

A

■ Characterized by shaking and trembling and eventual loss of muscle
control
■ Brain material showed brains filled with vacuoles and cavities, presenting
a sponge-like appearance
■ The disease presents no signs of inflammation, elevated temperature, or
antibody production
■ Gadjusek and Zigas began to assume that the disease was caused by a newly identified group of viruses called slow viruses

72
Q

Prions and Sheep. Describe

A

■ William Hadlow recognized similarities between scrapie and kuru
■ Infected sheep with scrapie developed seizures, shakes, and paralysis
■ Hadlow demonstrated that brains of normal sheep with injected with brains from scrapie-infected brains developed scrapie
■ These diseases were identified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) due to brian’s sponge-like appearance

73
Q

Prions and Mad Cow Disease. Explain

A

■ The TSEs show a long latency period from infection to illness and are
resistant to inactivation by ordinary methods

74
Q

What is the prion hypothesis? Explain

A

■ Tikvah Alper showed that scrapie agent retained its infectivity even under
UV light - therefore lacks DNA and RNA
■ Identified a protein in scrapie brain that did not appear in the brains of
healthy animals PrP
■ The amino acid sequence for the cellular protein PrPc and the diseased
protein PrPsc were identical
■ The normal gene contains lengthy coils of a-helices, while the diseased
protein was an insoluble aggregate consisting of B-pleated sheets
■ The misfolded Prpsc protein acted as a template and forced the
misfolding of the normal PrPc protein
■ Stanley Prusiner - discovered prions

75
Q

What is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)? Explain

A

Mad cow disease.
■ Cattle became infected from contaminated feed
■ Changes in feed involved incomplete exposure to heat as well as eliminating the exposure of the rendered meat to hydrocarbon solvents under steam

76
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia. Describe

A

Gene/ Protein: Glu6Val, Hemoglobin
Mutation: Missense
Symptoms: Can’t carry O2 as well, change in cell membrane=weakening more fragile, can break open easier sores on extremities, risk for heart disease

77
Q

Marfan Syndrom. Describe.

A

Gene/ Protein: A705T, Fibrillin-1
Mutation: Missense
Symptoms: Longer limbs, loose joints, dissociation of eye, structure of aorta= compromised, aorta rupture

78
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Gene/ Protein: Arg408Trp, Phenylalanine Hydrolase
Mutation: Missense
Symptoms: Intellect disability-> preventable

79
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

Gene/ Protein: NF-2, Merlin (tumor suppressor)
Mutation: Missense
Symptoms: Tumors form @nerve endings

80
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Gene/ Protein: RB1, pRB
Mutation: Nonsense
Symptoms: Tumor on retina-> children

81
Q

Huntington’s

A

Gene/ Protein: Htt, Huntington
Mutation: Insertion
Symptoms: Progressive breakdown of nerves, fatal, 1st gene looked at in human genome

82
Q

Progeria (Hutchinson’s)

A

Gene/ Protein: Gly608Gly, cystine w/ thymine @position 1824
Mutation: Deletion
Symptoms: Lamin gene is not stable, weakens cell structure, premature death & aging

83
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

substances that resemble normal substrate competes with substrate for active site

Example:
(sulfa drugs work by inhibiting an enzyme responsible for synthesis of folic acid-> interact w/ active site to inhibit folic acid formation)

84
Q

What is allosteric inhibition?

A

binds to another site and changes shape of active site

85
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Phosphate group binds to molecule, puts full (neg) charge on protein, transfers phosphate group from ATP to protein

86
Q

What are GTP binding proteins?

A

GTP= active conformation on
GDP= inactive
GTP-> GDP releases a phosphate

BL3620: Cell Biology (4 decks)

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