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Cell Biology > Cell Biology Chapter 10 - Cellular Metabolism and Energy Storage > Flashcards

Cell Biology Chapter 10 - Cellular Metabolism and Energy Storage Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Energy Exists In Three Forms

A

Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy

Heat Energy

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2
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

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3
Q

2nd Lab of Thermodynamics

A

Energy systems have a tendency to increase their entropy

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4
Q

Long-term Energy Storage In Cells

A

Fats And Polysaccharides

Are polymers composed of small, repeating structures
Highly organized and spontaneously form hydrophobic lipid droplets
Have less entropy (are more ordered) than poly/oligosaccharides, therefore they carry more useful energy

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5
Q

Of Short-term Potential Energy

A

High-energy Electrons And Ion Gradients

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6
Q

Ion Gradients

A

Created by a concentration imbalance across a membrane

[Na2+]out is 148 mM versus [Na2+]in is 10 mM

[K+]out is 5 mM versus [K+]in is 148 mM

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria use a proton gradient

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7
Q

Cells Couple Energetically Favorable and Unfavorable Reactions to Facilitate Unfavorable Reactions

A

Baws!

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8
Q

Electrical Potential

A

The Amount of a Potential Energy Stored in an Ion Gradient Can be Expressed as an Electrical Potential

Electrical Potential is expressed in volts

Difference in electrical potential between two points is called voltage

Electrochemical potential exists when BOTH an electrical imbalance AND a chemical imbalance exists

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9
Q

Membrane transport proteins

A

are responsible for moving ions through the phosopholipid bilayer of cellular membranes.

Organized into three groups: channels, carriers, and pumps.

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10
Q

Protein channels

A

dissipate gradients

Have pores

Have a selectivity filter

Alpha helices in transmembrane segments

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11
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

through a channel and down a concentration gradient

Open and close (gated)
Regulated
Sensitive to post-translational modification

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12
Q

opposite of Facilitated Diffusion

A

Simple Diffusion – passage of molecules through the plasma membrane unassisted

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13
Q

Ligand-gated

A

Logands attach —-> gates open

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14
Q

Voltage-gated

A

threshhold reaches -60 -70

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15
Q

Voltage gated shapes

A
  1. sliding helix
  2. Paddles
  3. Transporter like
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16
Q

Stretch-gated or Stretch-activated

A

Found in nerve cells that are sensitive to physical deformation of their plasma membranes

Touch
Hair cells in inner ear
Some pain receptors

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17
Q

Passive Carrier Proteins Dissipate Gradients

A
  • dont form pores
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18
Q

conformation change in a carrier protein

A
  • Attaches to channel by active site

- Channel changes shape. Open end becomes closed end and vice versa. attached content is spewed in.

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19
Q

Uniport

A

refers to the transport of a single ligand by a carrier in either direction

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20
Q

Symport

A

simultaneous transport of two ligands by a single carrier in the SAME direction

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21
Q

Antiport

A

simultaneous transport of two ligands by a single carrier in the OPPOSITE direction across a membrane. eg Na+ & H+

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22
Q

Energy-coupled Carrier Proteins (Pumps) Build Gradients

A

Direct active transport &

Indirect active transport (One gradient supplies the energy to build another)

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23
Q

Chloroplast

A

Convert sunlight into the first form of Cellular energy

24
Q

Light reactions (energy transduction reaction)

A

Take place in the thylakoid in the presence of light

25
Q

Chloroplasts Have Three Membrane-bound Compartments. name them

A

Inner membrane

Outer membrane

Thylakoid

Thylakoid lumen

26
Q

Dark reactions

A

carbon assimilation reactions

Occur in the stroma

27
Q

How is Light Converted to Chemical Energy?

A

Light is a wave (380-750 nm) ——> Light is a stream of particles called photons
Each photon carries a packet of energy called a quantum ——> When pigments absorb light, energy from the photon is transferred to an electron (photoexcitation)

28
Q

conformation change in a carrier protein

A
  • Attaches to channel by active site

- Channel changes shape. Open end becomes closed end and vice versa. attached content is spewed in.

29
Q

uniport

A

refers to the transport of a single ligand by a carrier in either direction

30
Q

Symport

A

simultaneous transport of two ligands by a single carrier in the SAME direction

31
Q

Antiport

A

simultaneous transport of two ligands by a single carrier in the OPPOSITE direction across a membrane. eg Na+ & H+

32
Q

Energy-coupled Carrier Proteins (Pumps) Build Gradients

A

Direct active transport & Indirect active transport

33
Q

Chloroplast

A

Convert sunlight into the first form of Cellular energy

34
Q

Light reactions

A

Take place in the thylakoid in the presence of light

35
Q

Chloroplasts Have Three Membrane-bound Compartments. name them

A

Inner membrane

Outer membrane

Thylakoid

Thylakoid lumen

36
Q

Dark reactions

A

carbon assimilation reactions

Occur in the stroma

37
Q

Dark reactions

A

carbon assimilation reactions

Occur in the stroma

38
Q

How is Light Converted to Chemical Energy?

A

Light is a wave (380-750 nm) ——> Light is a stream of particles called photons
Each photon carries a packet of energy called a quantum ——> When pigments absorb light, energy from the photon is transferred to an electron (photoexcitation)

39
Q

The Energy Transduction (Light) Reactions Convert

A

Sunlight Into Stored Potential Energy

40
Q

The Na2+/K+ ATPase Maintains the “Resting Potential” across the Plasma Membrane

A

Generates an imbalance of charge and concentration across the plasma membrane
For humans, the resting potential is about -60 to
-70 mV

41
Q

active transport

A

Sodium and Potassium ion gradients are maintained by this ATP-driven pump

42
Q

Macromolecule Transport

A

Leaky K+ channel, Na+/glucose symporter, and passive glucose carrier work together to move glucose from gut lumen to bloodstream

43
Q

Inner compartment of the Chloroplast is called _____

A

Thylakoid

44
Q

The inner compartment of the thylakoid is called ______

A

The thylakoid lumen

45
Q

Glycolysis Is Subdivided Into 3 Stages & the total energy extracted is _________

A

total energy extracted is 2 ATP and 2 NADH

46
Q

Photosystem II

A

uses sunlight to remove two electrons from water.

47
Q

Photosystem I

A

NADP+ is turned into NADPH in the stroma

48
Q

Macromolecule Transport

A

Glucose pitches a ride with Na+ across its concentration gradient.

49
Q

Glycolysis

A

The 10 chemical reactions in glycolysis convert glucose molecule into two three-carbon compounds (pyruvate), two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules

50
Q

Glycolysis Is Subdivided Into 3 Stages.

A

Stage 1 product = 2 G3Ps and 2 ADPs

51
Q

Glycolysis

A 
Glucose
                           |
                         /   \
                       /       \
                2G3P      2ADP
                    |
                  /   
                /       
         2NADH
             \+          (1 each from a single G3P)
         2ATP
             |
             |
          2ATP
             |
             |
       Pyruvate
52
Q

Pyruvate

A

two three-carbon compounds

53
Q

In The Absence Of Molecular Oxygen, Pyruvate Undergoes_______

A

Fermentation. (anaerobic metabolism)

54
Q

in aerobic condition Pyruvate is converted to

A

acetyl-CoA

55
Q

in anaerobic condition Pyruvate is converted to __________ or _________ during _________

A

Lactate, ethanol, fermentation.

2 ATP is the net yield

LDH ——> lactate

PDH ——> ADH ——-> Ethanol

56
Q

LPA ——->

A

LDH ——> lactate

LDH ——–> PDH ——> ADH

57
Q

Aerobic Respiration Results in Complete Oxidation of Glucose

A

True

Cell Biology (7 decks)

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