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Biology > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

A

In a bacterial DNA loop and there may be one or more plasmid rings.

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2
Q

What organelles are in plants and animals?

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes

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3
Q

What do plants and bacteria share?

A

Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Cell wall

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4
Q

What do Sperm cells do?

A

Function is to fertilise an egg.

They are streamlined to allow for swimming without using as much energy as it needs

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5
Q

Where is the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?

A

The DNA is in chromosomes enclosed in a nucleus.

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6
Q

Why do scientists use prefixes?

A

To make very small numbers more manageable

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7
Q

Define ‘diffusion’?

A

The spreading of the particles from a region where they are of a higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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8
Q

State three places where diffusion occurs in the body.

A

Small intestines, lungs, kidneys

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9
Q

Which has the largest surface area to volume ratio an elephant or a meerkat?

A

The meerkat.

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10
Q

What three factors affect rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient, temperature, surface area.

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11
Q

What is surface area to volume ratio?

A

The size of a surface compared to its volume.

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12
Q

Which has the largest surface area to volume ratio an elephant or a meerkat?

A

The meerkat.

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13
Q

What do nerve cells do?

A

Function is to carry electrical signals.

They have lots of branches so that they can connect to other nerve cells as well

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14
Q

Name organisms that are adapted to diffusion?

A

The small intestine, the lungs, gills in fish, roo0ts and leaves.

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15
Q

How are the small intestines adapted for diffusion?

A

Have villi to increase surface area, good blood supply, thin membranes.

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16
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane that lets some but not all substances through.

17
Q

How are gills in fish adapted for diffusion?

A

Have gill filaments and lamella to increase surface area, good blood supply, thin membranes.

18
Q

How are roots adapted for diffusion?

A

Have gill filaments and lamella to increase surface area, good blood supply, thin membranes.

19
Q

Define osmosis

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

20
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A membrane that lets some but not all substances through.

21
Q

Why does active transport need to occur in the gut?

A

Because the glucose in the blood is at a higher concentration than in the gut.

22
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

It will lose water by osmosis and shrivel

23
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

It will absorb water by osmosis and get bigger/burst.

24
Q

Define active transport.

A

Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient) using energy from respiration.

25
Q

Why does active transport need to occur in root hair cells?

A

Because the minerals are at a higher concentration in the roots than in the soil.

26
Q

Why does active transport need to occur in the gut?

A

Because the glucose in the blood is at a higher concentration than in the gut.

27
Q

What happens in the final stage of mitosis? (3rd stage)

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form identical daughter cells

28
Q

What type of cells does MITOSIS form?

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells(body).

29
Q

Define a Hypertonic solution

A

The levels of solutes are higher outside the cell than inside so they lose water due to osmosis. Red blood cells will begin to shrivel.

30
Q

What happens in the growth stage of mitosis? (1st stage)

A

The cell first grows in size
The organelles are then replicated
Then the DNA is replicated to form two of each chromosome

31
Q

What happens in the mitosis stage of mitosis? (2nd stage)

A

One set of chromosomes is pulled to each of the sides and the nucleus divides

32
Q

What happens in the final stage of mitosis? (3rd stage)

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane

33
Q

What type of cells doMITOSIS form?

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells(body).

34
Q

What type of cell does MEIOSIS form?

A

Gametes are formed by meiosis (sexy cells)

Biology (2 decks)

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