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AQA GCSE biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of animal and plant cell

A

Eukaryotic

  • cell membrane
  • cytoplams
  • nucleus containing DNA
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2
Q

Bacterial cells

A

prokaryotic + much smaller

  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • singular circular strand of DNA and plasmids
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3
Q

Describe: Nucelus

ANIMAL + PLANT

A
  • contains DNA

- enclsed in a nuclear membrane

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4
Q

Describe: cytoplasm

ANIMAL, PLANT + BACTERIA

A
  • liquid substance in which chemical reactions occur
  • contains enzymes
  • contains organelles
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5
Q

Describe: cell membrane

ANIMAL, PLANT + BACTERIA

A
  • controls what enters and leaves the cell
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6
Q

Describe: mitochondria

PLANT + ANIMAL

A
  • where aerobic respiration occurs - providing energy for the cell
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7
Q

Describe: ribosomes

PLANT + ANIMAL

A
  • where protein synthesis occurs

- found on rough endoplasmic reticulatedeticulum

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8
Q

Describe: chloroplasts

PLANT

A
  • where photosynthesis happens

- contains chrolophyll pigment

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9
Q

Describe: permanent vacuole

PLANT

A
  • contains cell sap
  • found within the cytoplasm
  • improves cell rigidity
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10
Q

Describe: cell wall

PLANT + BACTERIA

A

PLANT

  • made from cellulose
  • provides strength to the cell

BACTERIA
- made of peptidoglycan

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11
Q

Describe: bacterial DNA

A
  • singular strand which floats in cytoplasm
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12
Q

Describe: plasmids

BACTERIA

A
  • small rinds of DNA
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13
Q

How do specialised cells come about?

A

cell differentiation

  • process which involves he cell gaining new sub-cellular structures in order for it to be suited to it’s role
  • some cells can differentiate initially or have the ability to keep differentiating (stem cells)
  • in animals most cells can only differentiate once, but in plant cells more can
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14
Q

3 types of specialised cells in animals

A
  1. sperm cells
  2. nerve cells
  3. muscle cells
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15
Q

Sperm cells

A

specialised to carry male’s DNA to the ovum

  • streamlined head and long tail
  • many mitochondria supply energy
  • acrosome (top of head) contains digestive enzymes which break down outer layer of ova
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16
Q

nerve cells

A

specialised to transmit electrical signals quickly from one place in the body to another

  • long axon, allows impulses to be carried along long distances
  • lots of dendrites - extensions from the cell body- brances connections between other nerve cells
  • nerve endings have many mitochondria - provide energy to make neurotransmitters (transmitter chemicals) - allow impulses to be passed from one cell to another
17
Q

muscle cells

A

specialised to contract eg, move bones, or squeeze eg, smooth muscle (found in blood vessels so blood pressure can be varied) MOVEMENT

  • myosin and actin slide over each other causing contraction
  • lots of mitochondria
  • can store glycogen that’s used in respiration
18
Q

3 specialised cells in plants

A
  1. root hair cells
  2. Xylem
  3. Phloem
19
Q

root hair cells

A

specialised to take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport - found in the tips of the roots

  • large surface area
  • large permanent vacuole affects the speed of movement of water from soil to cell
  • mitochondria provide energy for active transport
20
Q

Xylem

A

transport water and mineral ions from roots to shoots

  • lignin causes the cells to die, they become hollow and are joined end to end to produce a tube
  • lignin is deposited in spirals which helps the cells withstand pressure
21
Q

Phloem

A

carry products of photosynthsis to all parts of the plant

  • cell walls of each cell form structures called sieve plates when they break down, allowing the movement of substances from cell to cell
  • despite losing many sub-cellular structures, the evergy these cells need to be alive is supplied by the mitochondria of the companion cells
22
Q

How does cell specialisation come about for stem cells?

A

genes switched on and off to produce different proteins

AQA GCSE biology (2 decks)

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