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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which type of cell lacks a nucleus

A

Bacterial cell

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2
Q

what is the basic unit of life

A

DNA 🧬

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3
Q

What is the green pigment found inside chloroplasts

A

Chlorophyll

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4
Q

What are the three differences between a plant and animal cell

A

Plants have a cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole animal cells don’t

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5
Q

What compound is a plant cell made from

A

Cellulose

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6
Q

What is the function of a cell membrane

A

Controls entry and exit of materials

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7
Q

What is the function of a plasmid

A

Used to transfer a gene from one organism to another

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8
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions takes place

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9
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Controls cell activities. Stores DNA (genetic material)

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10
Q

What is the definition of diffusion

A

The process by which molecules move down a concentration gradient from high to low. It doesn’t require energy

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11
Q

What 4 substances move by diffusion

A

Glucose
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Molecules of soluble food

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12
Q

Describe what would happen to a red bloods cell when placed in pure water and explain why

A

It would burst, because the water is hypotonic to the cells contents

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13
Q

What term is used to describe the appearance of a cell that has been placed in a concentrated sugar solution

A

Plasmolysed

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14
Q

What is the term used to describe the appearance of a cell that had been placed in pure water

A

Turgid

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15
Q

Describe what would happen to a red bold cell when place in 0.85% salt solution and explain why

A

No change because it has a equal water percentage both inside and outside the cell

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16
Q

What is the location of DNA in a cell

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

What is the shape of a DNA molecule

A

A double stranded helix

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18
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

A section of DNA opens up and mRNA is made from a copy of the DNA strands. MRNA then carries the copy to the ribosome where amino acids start to assemble

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19
Q

What is the subunits of a protein and type of bond that holds them together

A

Subunits: amino acids

Type of bond: peptide bond

20
Q

What is a gene

A

A gene is a section of DNA which codes for a protein. DNA carries the genetic information for making proteins

21
Q

What are the four bases in a DNA molecule

A

Adenine - A
Thymine - T
Cytosine - C
Guanine -G

22
Q

What do the four bases in DNA make up for

A

A genetic code

23
Q

What two kinds of reactions are enzymes involved in

A

Degradation

Synthesis

24
Q

What is the sub units of a protein

A

Amino acids

25
Q

What are four potential functions of a protein

A

Enzymes
Hormones
Antibodies
Structural components

26
Q

What factors affect enzyme actins

A

Temperature

PH level

27
Q

What is the part is the enzyme where the substrate binds

A

Active site

28
Q

What is the definition of specific

A

One enzyme has one complementary substrate that only fits that enzyme. Also one bad only joins with its pair

29
Q

What is the definition of optimum

A

Each enzyme works best at is optimum PH. Many have an optimum of PH 7. Also human temperature has to stay at 37 degrees

30
Q

What is starch’s enzyme and products

A

Enzyme: amylase

Product: maltose

31
Q

Where are chromosomes located in an animal cell

A

Nucleus

32
Q

What part of a bacterial cell that acts as a vector

A

Plasmid

33
Q

What are the advantages of using microorganisms in genetic engineering

A

They reproduce quickly

34
Q

What is the group of substances that are used to open plasmid

A

Enzymes

35
Q

What are two medical products made by genetic engineering

A

Insulin

Human growth hormones

36
Q

Advantage of producing medical products by genetic engineering

A

Fewer allergic reactions people prefer it being human genes

37
Q

What are the four cellular processes that ATP provides energy for

A

Active transport
Cell devision
Nerve impulses
Carbon fixation

38
Q

What is the name and location of stage 1

A

Name: Glycolysis

Location: Cytoplasm

39
Q

What number of ATP is formed In stage 1

A

2 ATP

40
Q

Where is the location of fermentation in a cell

A

Cytoplasm

41
Q

What is the location of stage 2 in aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

42
Q

What is the type of sugar used in respiration

A

Glucose

43
Q

How many ATP are produced in aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP

Stage one: 2 ATP
stage two: 36 ATP

44
Q

What’s the process of aerobic respiration

A

When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria

45
Q

What the process of fermentation in animals

A

In the absence of oxygen, the fermentation pathway takes place in the cytoplasm

46
Q

Whats the process of fermentation in plants and microbes

A

In the absence of oxygen, the fermentation pathway takes place in the cytoplasm

47
Q

The energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate…

A

ATP

Biology (2 decks)

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