Cell Biology Flashcards
What enzyme is used to cut open DNA?
Endonuclease (scissors)
What enzyme is used to ‘glue’ DNS back together?
Ligase
What can effect the rate of active transport?
Glucose concentration
Oxygen concentration
Temperature
What is respiration?
Chemical energy released in food by a series enzyme controlled reactions
Name uses of energy in cells
Muscle contraction
Cell division
Chemical reactions
Makes heat
Optimum levels for human enzymes?
37’C
Why is respiration irreversible in plants?
Carbon dioxide escapes and it drowns in the ethanol
Where is DNA found within a cell?
Nucleus
What is a gene?
Genes code for protein which determines the characteristics of the organism
What carried the genetic codes in the nucleus to ribosomes for protein synthesis
mRNA
What difference letter does mRNA use
U instead of T
What is ‘selectivity permeable’?
Allowed certain substances to pass into and out of the cell
How is fermentation reversible in animals?
When oxygen is once again present lactate is converted back into pyruvic acid
Name the stage of aerobic respiration and amount of energy needed
Glycolysis and 2 ATP
What is ATP when broken down to release energy
ADP + Pi, which needed energy to then form ATP
What is genetic engineering?
Changing a cell by plasmid or virus to use for our benefit
What is the structure of protein
Proteins are made up of a chain of amino acids which determines its function and structure
Name types of proteins
Antibodies Hormones Enzymes Transport Structural Receptors
What happens when a enzyme is denatured?
It changes its shapes and ruins is active site since they’re specific
What is the Mitochondria?
Site of Aerobic respiration and has energy because 36 ATP
What is a cell walls function?
It strengthens and shapes the cell
What is the chloroplast function?
Photosynthesis takes place
What is the Cell membranes function?
Controls what come in and out of the cell
What is the cytoplasms function?
All chemical reactions occur here
What is a vacuoles function?
Hold SAP - sugar and salts
What is the nucleus’ function?
Controls cell activities and contains genetic information
What is the ribosomes function and where is it present?
Site of protein synthesis and present in the cytoplasm
What is the plasmid and what cell is it present in?
small circular DNA and bacterial cells
What does the cell membrane consist of?
PhosphoLIPIDS and protein
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules from a high water concentrations to a low concentration and requires no energy
Examples of passive transport
Osmosis
Diffusion
Passive transport
Where does respiration begin?
Cytoplasm
What can enzymes be effected by?
Temperature and
pH
