Cell Biology Flashcards
What are the two types of Cells?
- Prokaryotic cells
- Eukaryotic cells
What subcellular structures do most animal cells have?
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Cell Membrane
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
What is the Nucleus?
The nucleus is the part of a cell which contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell.
What is the Cytoplasm?
The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen in a cell. It contains enzymes that control those chemical reactions.
What is the Cell Membrane?
The cell membrane holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out of the cell.
What is the Mitochondria?
The mitochondria is where most the reactions for aerobic respiration take place. Respiration transfers energy that a cell needs to work.
What are Ribosomes?
Ribosomes are where proteins are made in the cell. Protein Synthesis.
What extra subcellular structures do plant cells have?
- Cell Wall
- Permanent Vacuole
- Chloroplasts
What is the Cell Wall?
The cell wall is made of cellulose. It supports the cell and strengthens it.
What is a permanent vacuole?
A permanent vacuole is an organelle which contains sap for a plant which is a weak solution of sugar and salts.
What are Chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs to make food for the plant. Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll, which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis.
What subcellular structures does a prokaryote have?
- single circular strand of DNA
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- cell wall
- ribosomes
- plasmids (small rings of DNA)
- often have a flagellum
- slime capsule
What are light microscopes?
Microscopes that use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it.
What are electron microscopes?
Microscopes use electrons instead of light to form an image and magnify it. The have a higher magnification than light microscopes and a higher resolution
What is the formula for calculating the magnification of an image?
magnification = image size/real size
How do you prepare a slide?
1) Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
2) Place specimen in the centre of the slide
3) Add a stain to the specimen so the objects in the cell are highlighted with colour
4) Place a cover slip over specimen
What are the parts of a light microscope and what do they do?
- Eyepiece (used to look through at the formed image)
- Objective lenses (lenses that magnify the specimen with different amounts of magnification)
- Coarse Adjustent Knob (Used to lower and raise the stage)
- Stage (A platform on which the slide goes on)
- Fine adjustment knob (Used to focus the image)
- Light (used to form an image of the specimen)
What is differentiation?
Differentiation is the process in which a cell changes to become specialised for its job. The cell develops different subcellular structures to turn into different types of cells so they can carry out specific functions.
When does differentiation occur?
Most differentiation occurs as an organism develops. In many animal cells, the ability to differentiate is lost at an early stage after they become specialised. However, lots of plants cells don’t lose this ability.
What cells differentiate in mature animals?
Mainly those used for repairing and replacing cells, such as skin and blood cells.
What are cells that don’t differentiate called?
Stem Cells
How are sperm cells specialised for reproduction?
- It has a long tail and streamlined head to help it swim to the egg
- There are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
- It carries enzymes in its head (acrosome) to digest through the the egg cell membrane
- Their job is to get the male DNA to the female DNA
How are nerve cells specialised for rapid signalling?
- The cells are long (the axon specifically) to cover more distance
- They have branched connections at their nerve endings to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body
- Dendrites on the cell can connect to other nerve cells
How are muscle cells specialised for contraction?
- Cells are long so they have space to contract
- They contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
- Store glycogen which is a store of glucose which can be broken down in respiration
- They have special proteins that slide over each other which allow them to contract
How are root hair cells specialised for absorbing water and minerals?
-Grow into long “hairs” that stick out into the soil. This gives the roots a large surface area for absorbing
water and minerals from the soil
-Lots of mitochondria as energy is needed for mineral uptake (active transport)
How are Phyloem cells specialised for transporting sucrose and amino acids?
- Form Phloem tubes
- To form the tubes, the cells are long and joined end to end
- Phloem cell walls break down to form sieve plates so food can move up and down easily
- Phloem cells have very few sub-cellular structures so that substances can flow through them easily
What does a nucleus contain and how?
The nucleus contains your genetic material in the form of chromosomes.
What are chromosomes?
Chromosomes are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules. Each chromosome carries a large number of genes.
How many copies of chromosomes do we have?
Body cells usually have two copies of each chromosome-one from the organism’s “mother” and one from its “father”
What is the cell cycle?
Where body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells
What is mitosis used for?
Multicellular organisms use mitosis to grow or replace cells that have been damaged.
What is the result of the cell cycle?
The cell cycle results in two new cells identical to the original cell with the same number of chromosomes.
What are the two main stages in the cell cycle?
- Growth and DNA Replication
- Mitosis
What happens the Growth and Replication stage in the cell cycle?
1) The DNA is spread out in long strings
2) The cell has to grows and increases the amount of subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes
3) The cell then duplicates its DNA so there is one copy for each new cell. The DNA is copied and forms X-shaped chromosomes. Each “arm” of the chromosome is an exact duplicate of the other.
What is the Mitosis stage of the cell cycle?
4) The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite “poles” (ends) of the cell.
5) Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells-the nucleus has divided
6) The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
How do Prokaryotic cells replicate?
Using binary fission
What is the binary fission process?
1) The circular DNA and plasmid(s) replicate
2) The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite poles (ends) of the cell
3) The cytoplasm begins to divide and the new cell walls begin to form
4) The cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced. Each daughter cell has one copy of the circular DNA, but can have a variable number of copies of plasmids
How can bacteria divide quickly?
When given the correct nutrients and an optimal temperature
What is an inoculating loop used for when culturing micro organisms on a culture medium?
Inoculating loops are wire loops that can be used to transfer microorganisms to the culture medium
What can be used instead of an inoculating loop?
A sterile dripping pipette and spreader for a more even cover of bacteria
What do culture mediums contain?
They contain the carbohydrates, minerals, proteins and vitamins, bacteria and other microorganisms need to grow on them
Name two examples of culture mediums:
- Nutrient broth solution
- Solid agar jelly
How do you make an agar plate?
Pour hot sterlie agar jelly into a sterile Petri dish
How can you test the action of antibiotics or antiseptics on a culture of bacteria?
Place paper discs soaked in different types or concentrations of antibiotics/septics on an agar plate that has an even covering of bacteria
How will the bacteria react to antibiotics or antiseptics on an agar plate?
Antibiotic resistant bacteria will continue to grow but non-resistant strains will die. A clear area will be left where the bacteria has died
What is the area where the bacteria has died called?
The inhibition zone