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National 5 Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

A liquid pigment found in chloroplasts.

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2
Q

What absorbs light for photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll.

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3
Q

What are the raw materials for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

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4
Q

What are the essential requirements for photosynthesis?

A

Light and chlorophyll.

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5
Q

What is the product of photosynthesis?

A

Sugar (carbohydrate)

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6
Q

What is the by-product of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen.

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7
Q

What is stage 1 of photosynthesis called?

A

The light reaction.

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8
Q

What happens in stage 1 of photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll traps the light from the sun and turns it into chemical energy (ATP). Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen diffuses out the leaf. ATP and hydrogen are carried on to stage 2.

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9
Q

What is stage 2 of photosynthesis called?

A

Carbon fixation.

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10
Q

What happens in carbon fixation?

A

Hydrogen is carried from stage 1 to stage 2 by hydrogen acceptor molecules. Hydrogen is attached to CO2 from the air to make glucose. ATP is needed to attach them.

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11
Q

What is bicarbonate indicator used for?

A

To show the co2 concentration.

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12
Q

What are the 3 fates of photosynthesis?

A

The glucose can be used immediately in respiration, it can be stored as starch (a storage carbohydrate) or made into cellulose which is found in cell walls.

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13
Q

What are limiting factors?

A

Factors in the environment which limit the rate of photosynthesis if they are in short supply.

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14
Q

What are some examples of limiting factors?

A

CO2 concentration, temperature, light intensity.

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15
Q

What do cells need energy for?

A

Active transport, cell division, movement, breaking down chemicals, making proteins.

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16
Q

What is the role of a mitochondria?

A

To make energy for the cell.

17
Q

How do you know if a cell needs a lot of energy?

A

It will have lots of mitochondria.

18
Q

What are examples of cells that need lots of energy? Why do they need it?

A

Sperm cell - needs energy to drive flagella for movement.
Muscle cell - needs energy for contraction.
Liver cell - needs energy for complex chemical reactions.

19
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine tri phosphate. It is an immediate source of energy for a cell. It is known as an energy rich molecule.

20
Q

How is ATP made?

A

ADP + Pi

21
Q

How do you get energy from ATP?

A

Energy is released when a phosphate is removed.

22
Q

What processes are ATP used for?

A

Cell decision, photosynthesis and active transport.

23
Q

What is stage 1 of aerobic respiration called?

A

Glycolysis.

24
Q

What happens in stage 1 of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose turns into pyruvate. This makes 2 ATP for every glucose and takes place in the cytoplasm.

25
Q

What is stage 2 of aerobic respiration called?

A

Breakdown of pyruvate.

26
Q

What happens in stage 2 of aerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvate turns into CO2 and water. Oxygen is needed for this stage. It happens in the mitochondria. 36 ATP are produced for every pyruvate.

27
Q

What is fermentation / anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration in the presence of no oxygen.

28
Q

What happens in fermentation in animals?

A

Stage 1 is the same as aerobic respiration. Pyruvate then turns into lactic acid which produces no ATP.

29
Q

What happens in fermentation in plants and yeast?

A

Stage 1 is the same as aerobic respiration. Pyruvate then turns. Into ethanol and CO2. No ATP is produced.

30
Q

What type of plants make their own food?

A

Green plants (producers) make their own food through photosynthesis.

National 5 Biology (3 decks)

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