Cell Biology

Question 1

Cells

Answer 1

Small, membrane enclosed units filled with a concentrated aqueous solution of chemicals and endowed withy the extraordinary ability to create copies of themselves by growing and dividing in two.

Question 2

Nerve cell from the cerebellum

Answer 2

Part of the brain that controls movement

Question 3

Paramecium

Answer 3

Protozoan, single cell, swims by means of cilia that cover its surface

Question 4

Bdellovibrio Bacteriovorus

Answer 4

Small bacteria that uses single terminal flagellum to propel itself.
Attacks, kills, and feeds on other large bacteria.

Question 5

DNA

Answer 5

Polymer chains made of four monomers called nucleotides, strung together in different sequences.
Instructions transcribed by RNA.

Question 6

RNA

Answer 6

Chemically related set of polymers that transcribe the DNA.

MRNA carry messages and these are translated into proteins.

Question 7

Proteins

Answer 7

Polymers that dominate the behavior of the cell, serving as structural supports, chemical catalysts, molecular motors, and so on.
Built from 20 amino acids linked in different sequences producing a different 3-D shape or different conformation.

Question 8

Viruses

Answer 8

Compact packages of genetic information, in the form of DNA or RNA, usually encased in protein, but the have no ability to reproduce themselves by their own efforts.

Question 9

Cell Reproduction

Answer 9

Cells reproduce by duplicating DNA and then dividing in two, passing a copy of the genetic instructions encoded in its DNA to each of its daughter cells.

Question 10

Mutations

Answer 10

Instructions are occasionally corrupted by mutations that change the DNA.
Can create offspring that are changed for the worse, better, or neutrally.

Question 11

Evolution

Answer 11

Process by which living species become gradually modified and adapted to their environment in more and more sophisticated ways.

Question 12

Present Day Cells

Answer 12

So similar in their fundamentals because they have all inherited their genetic instructions from the same common ancestor.

Question 13

Genome

Answer 13

The entire library of genetic information in its DNA that provides a genetic program that instructs the cell how to function, and for plants and animal cells, how to grow into an organism with hundreds of different cell types.

Question 14

Differentiated Cell Types

Answer 14

Generated during embryonic development from a single fertilized egg cell, and all contain identical copies of the DNA of the species.

Question 15

Darwin

Answer 15

Sword how random variation and natural selection can drive the production of organisms with novel features, adapted to new ways of life.
Explains how diversity had arisen among organisms that share a common ancestry.

Question 16

Extra cellular Matrix

Answer 16

A defense material often made of protein fibers embedded in a polysaccharide gel.
Packs or separates plant or animal tissue.

Question 17

Cell anatomy

Answer 17

It has a sharply defined boundary, indicating the presence of an enclosing membrane. A large round body, the nucleus, is prominent in the middle of the cell. Around the nucleus and filling the cell’s interior lies the cytoplasm.

Question 18

Cytoplasm

Answer 18

Transparent substance crammed with what seems at first to be a jumble of miscellaneous objects.

Question 19

Fixed Tissue

Answer 19

Preserved by pickling in a reactive chemical solution

Question 20

Organelles

Answer 20

Separate, recognizable structure that are only hazily defined under the light microscope.

Question 21

Plasma Membrane

Answer 21

External membrane

Question 22

Internal Membrane

Answer 22

Membranes that surround the organelles

Question 23

Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer 23

Used to look at thin sections of tissue

Transmits a beam of electrons

Question 24

Scanning Electron Microscope

Answer 24

Scatters electrons off the surface of the sample and is used to look at the surface detail of cells and other structures

Question 25

Bacteria

Answer 25

Have the simplest structure and come closest to showing us life stripped down to its essentials.
Contains no organelles, not even a nucleus.
This property is used as the basis for classification of all living things.

Question 26

Eucaryotes

Answer 26

Organisms whose cells have a nucleus
Have a nucleus which is usually the most prominent organelle in the cell enclosed within two concentric membranes that form the nuclear envelope and it contains DNA which are extremely long polymers that encode the genetic information of the organism.

Question 27

Procaryotes

Answer 27

Organisms whose cells do not have a nucleus
Typically spherical, rodlike, or corkscrew shape
Often have a tough protective coat, called a cell wall, surrounding the plasma membrane, which encloses a single compartment containing the cytoplasm and the DNA
Evolve fast, rapidly acquiring the ability to use a new food source or to resist being killed by a new antibiotic
Most live as single-celled organisms
Most diverse and inventive class of cells

Question 28

Mitochondria

Answer 28

The organelles that generate energy for the eucaryotic cell
Thought to have evolved from aerobic bacteria that took to living inside the anaerobic ancestors of today’s eucaryotic cells
Appears sausage or worm shaped
Contain their own DNA reproduce by dividing in two
Thought to be derived from bacteria that were engulfed by some ancestor of present day eucaryotic cells creating a symbiotic relationship in which the host eucaryote and the engulfed bacterium helped one another to survive and reproduce
Generations of chemical energy for the cell and harness the energy from the oxidation of food molecules

Question 29

Bacteria pg 15

Answer 29

Come back to

Question 30

Chromosomes

Answer 30

Giant individual DNA molecules that became more compact as a cell prepared to divide into daughter cells.

Question 31

ATP

Answer 31

Adenosine Triphosphate
Produced by sugars
Basic chemical fuel that porters most of the cells activities

Question 32

Cellular Respiration

Answer 32

Process of the consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide in the course of this activity
Essentially breathing on a cellular level
Without a mitochondria animals, fungi, and plants wouldn’t be able to use oxygen to extract the maximum amount of energy from the food molecules that nourish them

Question 33

Giardia

Answer 33

Intestinal eucaryotic parasite that lack mitochondria and live only on environments that are low in oxygen

Question 34

Chloroplasts

Answer 34

Large green organelles that are found only in the cells of plants and algae
In addition to their two surrounding membranes, they possess internal stacks of membranes containing the green pigment chlorophyll
Enable plants to get their energy from sunlight
Contain their own DNA and reproduce by dividing in two
Thought to have evolved from bacteria

Question 35

Cytoplasm

Answer 35

Contains a profusion of other organelles, most of them surrounded by single membranes, that perform many distinct functions