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science bio paper 1 > cell biology > Flashcards

cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main components of plant and animal cells?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material enclosed in a nucleus

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2
Q

How do bacterial cells differ from eukaryotic cells in size?

A

Bacterial cells are much smaller in comparison

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3
Q

What components do bacterial cells contain?

A

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, single DNA loop, plasmids

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4
Q

What is the genetic material structure in bacterial cells?

A

A single DNA loop and may have one or more plasmids

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5
Q

What type of cells do not have their genetic material enclosed in a nucleus?

A

Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells)

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6
Q

What should students be able to demonstrate regarding cells?

A

Understanding of the scale and size of cells and order of magnitude calculations

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Plant and animal cells are _______ cells.

A

[eukaryotic]

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Bacterial cells are _______ cells.

A

[prokaryotic]

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9
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic cells have their genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.

A

True

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10
Q

True or False: Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells.

A

False

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11
Q
A
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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What are the main sub-cellular structures in animal cells?

A

A nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes.

These structures play key roles in various cellular functions.

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14
Q

Which additional structures are found in plant cells that are not in animal cells?

A

Chloroplasts, a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap, and a cell wall made of cellulose.

Chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis, while the cell wall provides structural support.

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15
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

A

It contains the cell’s genetic material and controls cellular activities.

The nucleus is often referred to as the control center of the cell.

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16
Q

What role do mitochondria play in cells?

A

They are the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy through respiration.

Mitochondria convert nutrients into energy in the form of ATP.

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17
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

They synthesize proteins from amino acids.

Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of chloroplasts in plant cells?

A

They conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy.

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19
Q

What is the significance of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?

A

It stores cell sap and helps maintain turgor pressure.

Turgor pressure is important for maintaining the structure of the plant.

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20
Q

What is the composition of the cell wall in plant and algal cells?

A

It is made of cellulose.

Cellulose provides rigidity and strength to the cell wall.

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21
Q

How can estimations be used in relation to sub-cellular structures?

A

To judge the relative size or area of sub-cellular structures.

Estimations help in understanding the scale of different cellular components.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The structure that contains the cell’s genetic material is the _______.

A

nucleus

The nucleus is crucial for storing and managing genetic information.

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23
Q

True or False: All cells have mitochondria.

A

False

Mitochondria are primarily found in eukaryotic cells, while some prokaryotic cells do not have them.

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24
Q

What should students be able to explain regarding cell structure?

A

How the structure of different types of cell relates to their function in a tissue, an organ or organ system, or the whole organism.

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25
What are examples of specialised cells in animals?
* Sperm cells * Nerve cells * Muscle cells
26
What are examples of specialised cells in plants?
* Root hair cells * Xylem cells * Phloem cells
27
Why is cell differentiation important?
It allows cells to develop into different types to perform specific functions.
28
When do most types of animal cells differentiate?
At an early stage of development.
29
Do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life?
Yes, many types of plant cells do.
30
What is the main purpose of cell division in mature animals?
Repair and replacement.
31
What happens as a cell differentiates?
It acquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function.
32
What is the significance of microscopy techniques?
They have developed over time and increased understanding of sub-cellular structures.
33
How does an electron microscope compare to a light microscope?
It has much higher magnification and resolving power.
34
What can electron microscopy enable biologists to do?
See and understand many more sub-cellular structures.
35
What should students be able to calculate involving magnification?
Magnification, real size, and image size using a specific formula.
36
What format should answers be expressed in if appropriate?
Standard form.
37
How do bacteria multiply?
Bacteria multiply by simple cell division (binary fission)
38
What is the maximum frequency of bacterial division under optimal conditions?
Once every 20 minutes
39
What conditions are necessary for bacteria to divide rapidly?
Enough nutrients and a suitable temperature
40
In what mediums can bacteria be grown?
Nutrient broth solution or as colonies on an agar gel plate
41
Why are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms important?
They are required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics
42
What formula is used to calculate the cross-sectional area of colonies?
πr²
43
What technique should students describe to prepare an uncontaminated culture?
Aseptic technique
44
Why must Petri dishes and culture media be sterilised before use?
To prevent contamination
45
How should inoculating loops be sterilised?
By passing them through a flame
46
Why should the lid of the Petri dish be secured with adhesive tape?
To prevent contamination
47
How should cultures be stored in school and college laboratories?
Stored upside down
48
What is the maximum incubation temperature for cultures in educational laboratories?
25°C
49
What should students calculate using the mean division time?
The number of bacteria in a population after a certain time
50
Fill in the blank: The formula for calculating cross-sectional areas of colonies is _______.
πr²
51
What does the nucleus of a cell contain?
Chromosomes made of DNA molecules ## Footnote The nucleus is a membrane-bound structure within a cell that houses genetic material.
52
What is the composition of each chromosome?
DNA molecules ## Footnote DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
53
What do chromosomes carry?
A large number of genes ## Footnote Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for building proteins.
54
In body cells, how are chromosomes typically organized?
In pairs ## Footnote This paired arrangement is characteristic of diploid organisms, including humans.
55
What is the series of stages called in which cells divide?
The cell cycle ## Footnote The cell cycle includes stages such as interphase and mitosis.
56
What occurs to the genetic material during the cell cycle?
It is doubled and then divided into two identical cells.
57
What must a cell do before it can divide?
Grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures.
58
What does DNA replication produce?
Two copies of each chromosome.
59
In which stage are chromosomes pulled to each end of the cell?
Mitosis.
60
What divides to form two identical cells after mitosis?
The cytoplasm and cell membranes.
61
What are the three overall stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
62
Is knowledge of the different phases of mitosis required?
No.
63
Why is cell division by mitosis important?
For the growth and development of multicellular organisms.
64
What is a stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type.
65
Where can stem cells be found in organisms?
In embryos, adult animals, and meristems in plants.
66
What can stem cells from human embryos differentiate into?
Most different types of human cells.
67
What types of cells can stem cells from adult bone marrow form?
Many types of cells, including blood cells.
68
What can meristem tissue in plants differentiate into?
Any type of plant cell.
69
What is therapeutic cloning?
Producing an embryo with the same genes as the patient.
70
Why are stem cells from the embryo not rejected by the patient’s body?
They have the same genes as the patient.
71
What are potential risks associated with the use of stem cells?
Transfer of viral infection.
72
What are some ethical concerns regarding stem cell use?
Some people have ethical or religious objections.
73
How can stem cells from meristems in plants be used economically?
To produce clones of plants quickly.
74
What is one benefit of cloning rare species?
To protect from extinction.
75
What can crop plants with special features be cloned for?
To produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers.

science bio paper 1 (1 decks)

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