Cell Biology Flashcards
What is the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
- mostly multicellular - E and unicellular - P
- E is more complex
P doesn’t have a nucleus
P lacks organelles
Name all of the sub cellular organisms in an animal cell
Nucleus - DNA
Mitochondria - Respiration
Ribosomes - protein
Cytoplasm - chem reactions
C cell membrane - in and out of cell
Name all of the sub cellular organisms in a plant cell
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Permanent vacuole - holds up plant - cell sap
Cell wall - holds up plant - cellulose
Chloroplasts - photosynthesis and food - chlorophyll
What does magnification mean?
How big something is
What is resolution?
Quality
Why do we use electron microscopes?
To see smaller sub cellular structures
What is the equation for image size
Magnification * real image size
Name all of the specialised cells and explain them
Sperm cells - reproduction - flagellum and pointy head
Nerve cells - rapid signalling - branches
Muscle cells - contractions - lots of mitochondria - long
Root hair - absorbing water and minerals - large surface area
Phloem and Xylem cells - transport - tube, hollow and few sub fell half structures
What are chromosomes?
Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules
How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
23
What is the code for female chromosomes?
XX
What is the code for male chromosomes?
XY
Describe the stages of the cell cycle
- Grows more organelles
- DNA duplicates
- Nuclei membrane disappears
- Line up in centre of cell
- Chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibres
- New nuclei membrane forms
- Cell membrane and cytoplasm divide
- Two daughter cells (identical
What is the purpose of the cell cycle?
To grow and replace damaged cells
What are stages 2 and 3 of the cell cycle called?
Mitosis
What are stem cells?
Undifferentiated cells which divide to produce more undifferentiated cells
Where are stem cells found?
Early human embryos
Bone marrow
Adv and disadvantage of therapeutic cloning
+
Cells won’t be rejected
Can cure illnesses
Produces identical plants
Grow crops
- Could infect the person if cell is contaminated
Unethical
What is therapeutic cloning?
They make an embryo to have the same genetic info as you
What is diffusion?
Spread of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
What speeds up diffusion
Temp
Concentration gradient
What are 4 adaptations of the alveoli?
Large surface area
Moist lining
Thin lining
Good blood supply
What are two adaptations of the vili?
Good blood supply
Single layer of surface cells
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a high to low concentration
