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1129 Final Review > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology?

A

A science that explores living things and life processes

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2
Q

What are 3 features of cells?

A

NAME?

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3
Q

How does cells exist?

A

In a multitude of forms that perform diverse functions of the body

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4
Q

What are different types of moving cells?

A

Some exist as freely moving, independent units while other are stationary

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5
Q

What are qualities of cells that are mature?

A

They are highly specialized and have predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body

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6
Q

What are cell requirements of the body?

A

NAME?

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7
Q

What is the benefit of proper cell function?

A

Enables the body to maintain homeostasis and equilibrium

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8
Q

What are the effects of ionizing radiation damage on cells?

A

NAME?

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9
Q

What are the 3 chemical compositions of cells?

A

NAME?

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10
Q

What are protoplasm?

A

Chemical building material for all living things

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11
Q

What processes do Protoplasm carry on?

A

Carry on complex processes of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen and elimination of waste

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12
Q

What do protoplasm consist of?

A

Organic compounds and inorganic material either dissolved or suspended in water

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13
Q

What are protoplasm formed from?

A

Formed from 24 elements, with the 4 primary being Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

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14
Q

What are the most important inorganic substances?

A

Water and mineral salts (electrolytes)

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15
Q

What are the 4 major classes of organic compounds that compose a cell?

A

NAME?

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16
Q

Which element is the basic constituent of all organic matter?

A

Carbon

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17
Q

What becomes possible when combining hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen?

A

Life is possible

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18
Q

Which organic compound contains the most carbon?

A

Protein

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19
Q

What percent of cell content are proteins?

A

0.15

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20
Q

What are the functions of Proteins?

A

Essential for growth, construction of new body tissue and repair of injured tissues

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21
Q

How are proteins formed?

A

When amino acids combine into long, chain like molecular complexes

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22
Q

What do proteins provide to the cell?

A

Structure and support

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23
Q

Which proteins control cell functions?

A

Enzymes and hormones

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24
Q

Out of the 4 organic compounds, in which choice would proteins fall in for fuel?

A

3rd choice

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25
Q

How are proteins organized?

A

Into 22 different amino acids

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26
Q

What does the order of arrangement of these amino acids determine?

A

The precise function of each protein molecule

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27
Q

What does the type of proteins a cell contains determine?

A

The characteristics of that cell

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28
Q

What are enzymatic proteins?

A

Function as organic catalysts that control the cells various physiological activities

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29
Q

What do Enzymatic proteins do?

A

Cause an increase in cellular activity that causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell

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30
Q

What are structural proteins?

A

Provide the body with its shape and form

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31
Q

What do structural proteins provide the body?

A

A source of heat and energy

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32
Q

What are repair enzymes?

A

Proteins that can mend damaged molecules and are capable of helping the cell recover from small amounts of radiation damage

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33
Q

What are repair enzymes vital to?

A

Vital to the survival of cells

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34
Q

What energy ranges are Repair enzymes effective in?

A

Both diagnostic and therapeutic energy ranges

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35
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes

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36
Q

When are antibodies produced?

A

Produced when other lymphocytes in the body detect the presence of molecules that do not belong

37
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Chemically attack any foreign invaders or antigens

38
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence activities of other parts of the body

39
Q

What do hormones regulate?

A

Regulate body functions such as growth and development

40
Q

What percent of cell content do carbohydrates make up?

A

0.01

41
Q

What are included in Carbohydrates?

A

Starches and various sugars

42
Q

How do carbohydrates range?

A

From simple to complex

43
Q

What are the 3 types for carbohydrates?

A

NAME?

44
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Function as short-term energy warehouses for the body

45
Q

What is the primary purpose of carbohydrates?

A

To provide fuel for cell metabolism

46
Q

Where are carbohydrates most abundant?

A

In the liver and muscle tissue

47
Q

What percent of cell content are lipids?

A

0.02

48
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Made up of a molecule of glycerin and three molecules of fatty acid

49
Q

What are the functions lipids perform?

A
  • Act as as a reservoir for long-term energy storage
  • Insulate and guard the body against the environment
  • Support and protect organs (eyes/kidneys)
  • Provide essential substances necessary for growth and development
  • Lubricate the joints
  • Assist in the digestive process
50
Q

When are lipids burned as fuel?

A

Only if there are no carbohydrates available

51
Q

What percent of cell content do Nucleic acids make up?

A

0.01

52
Q

What are Nucleic acids made up of?

A

Nucleotides

53
Q

What are the two types of Nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

54
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

Two long sugar-phosphate chains that twist around each other in a double-helix configuration and are lined by pairs of nitrogenous bases at the sugar molecule level

55
Q

What attaches the base of DNA to each other?

A

Hydrogen bonds

56
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

All the information the cell needs to function

57
Q

What does DNA carry?

A

All genetic information necessary for cells to replicate

58
Q

What does DNA regulate?

A

All cellular activity to direct protein synthesis

59
Q

What does DNA determine and how?

A

A person’s characteristics by regulating the sequence of amino acids in the persons proteins during synthesis

60
Q

What is the importance of nitrogenous base pairs in DNA?

A

Constitute the genetic code

61
Q

What is transfer RNA?

A

Receives genetic code from mRna and combines with individual amino acids

62
Q

How many types of tRNA exist?

A

22 one for each amino acid

63
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Tiny rod shaped bodies that are composed of protein and DNA

64
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes - 23 pairs in each somatic cell

65
Q

How many chromosomes are in germ cells?

A

23 only

66
Q

What are genes?

A

Segments of DNA that serve as the basic units of heredity

67
Q

What is the process of identifying genes in the genome called?

A

Mapping

68
Q

How many billion base pairs are there in the human genome?

A

2.9 billion

69
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Compounds that don’t contain carbon

70
Q

What are the components of a normal human cell?

A

Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, cytoplasmic organells, nucleus

71
Q

What makes up the cytoplasmic organelles?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus or complex
• Mitochondria
• Lysosomes
• Ribosomes
• Centrosomes

72
Q

What is cell division?

A

The multiplication process whereby one cell divides into two or more cells

73
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

74
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A process in which the nucleus first divides, followed by a division of cytoplasm

75
Q

What type of cells undergo mitosis?

A

All somatic cells

76
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of the parent cell

77
Q

What type of cells undero meiosis?

A

Genetic cells

78
Q

What doe the process of mitosis result in?

A

An equal distribution of all cellular material between two daughter cells

79
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase

80
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of interphase?

A

G1, S and G2 in which the cells rest, DNA replicates and chromosomes duplicate and become visibile respectively

81
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

The nuclear membrane dissolves and a spindle structure appears

82
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

The paired chromosomes line up on the central axis of the spindle

83
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

The chromosomes pairs separate and move apart

84
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

The cytoplasm dive and the nuclear membrane reappear. Two equal daugher cells are created

85
Q

What are the two stages of meiosis?

A

Mitosis like division and Division without replication

86
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

Identical twins

87
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

Fraternal twins

88
Q

What are polyzygotic siblings?

A

More than two

1129 Final Review (6 decks)

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