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1129 Final Review > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology?

A

A science that explores living things and life processes

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2
Q

What are 3 features of cells?

A

NAME?

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3
Q

How does cells exist?

A

In a multitude of forms that perform diverse functions of the body

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4
Q

What are different types of moving cells?

A

Some exist as freely moving, independent units while other are stationary

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5
Q

What are qualities of cells that are mature?

A

They are highly specialized and have predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body

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6
Q

What are cell requirements of the body?

A

NAME?

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7
Q

What is the benefit of proper cell function?

A

Enables the body to maintain homeostasis and equilibrium

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8
Q

What are the effects of ionizing radiation damage on cells?

A

NAME?

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9
Q

What are the 3 chemical compositions of cells?

A

NAME?

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10
Q

What are protoplasm?

A

Chemical building material for all living things

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11
Q

What processes do Protoplasm carry on?

A

Carry on complex processes of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen and elimination of waste

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12
Q

What do protoplasm consist of?

A

Organic compounds and inorganic material either dissolved or suspended in water

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13
Q

What are protoplasm formed from?

A

Formed from 24 elements, with the 4 primary being Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

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14
Q

What are the most important inorganic substances?

A

Water and mineral salts (electrolytes)

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15
Q

What are the 4 major classes of organic compounds that compose a cell?

A

NAME?

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16
Q

Which element is the basic constituent of all organic matter?

A

Carbon

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17
Q

What becomes possible when combining hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen?

A

Life is possible

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18
Q

Which organic compound contains the most carbon?

A

Protein

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19
Q

What percent of cell content are proteins?

A

0.15

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20
Q

What are the functions of Proteins?

A

Essential for growth, construction of new body tissue and repair of injured tissues

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21
Q

How are proteins formed?

A

When amino acids combine into long, chain like molecular complexes

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22
Q

What do proteins provide to the cell?

A

Structure and support

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23
Q

Which proteins control cell functions?

A

Enzymes and hormones

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24
Q

Out of the 4 organic compounds, in which choice would proteins fall in for fuel?

A

3rd choice

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25
How are proteins organized?
Into 22 different amino acids
26
What does the order of arrangement of these amino acids determine?
The precise function of each protein molecule
27
What does the type of proteins a cell contains determine?
The characteristics of that cell
28
What are enzymatic proteins?
Function as organic catalysts that control the cells various physiological activities
29
What do Enzymatic proteins do?
Cause an increase in cellular activity that causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell
30
What are structural proteins?
Provide the body with its shape and form
31
What do structural proteins provide the body?
A source of heat and energy
32
What are repair enzymes?
Proteins that can mend damaged molecules and are capable of helping the cell recover from small amounts of radiation damage
33
What are repair enzymes vital to?
Vital to the survival of cells
34
What energy ranges are Repair enzymes effective in?
Both diagnostic and therapeutic energy ranges
35
What are antibodies?
Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes
36
When are antibodies produced?
Produced when other lymphocytes in the body detect the presence of molecules that do not belong
37
What do antibodies do?
Chemically attack any foreign invaders or antigens
38
What are hormones?
Chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence activities of other parts of the body
39
What do hormones regulate?
Regulate body functions such as growth and development
40
What percent of cell content do carbohydrates make up?
0.01
41
What are included in Carbohydrates?
Starches and various sugars
42
How do carbohydrates range?
From simple to complex
43
What are the 3 types for carbohydrates?
#NAME?
44
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Function as short-term energy warehouses for the body
45
What is the primary purpose of carbohydrates?
To provide fuel for cell metabolism
46
Where are carbohydrates most abundant?
In the liver and muscle tissue
47
What percent of cell content are lipids?
0.02
48
What are lipids made up of?
Made up of a molecule of glycerin and three molecules of fatty acid
49
What are the functions lipids perform?
- Act as as a reservoir for long-term energy storage - Insulate and guard the body against the environment - Support and protect organs (eyes/kidneys) - Provide essential substances necessary for growth and development - Lubricate the joints - Assist in the digestive process
50
When are lipids burned as fuel?
Only if there are no carbohydrates available
51
What percent of cell content do Nucleic acids make up?
0.01
52
What are Nucleic acids made up of?
Nucleotides
53
What are the two types of Nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
54
What is DNA composed of?
Two long sugar-phosphate chains that twist around each other in a double-helix configuration and are lined by pairs of nitrogenous bases at the sugar molecule level
55
What attaches the base of DNA to each other?
Hydrogen bonds
56
What does DNA contain?
All the information the cell needs to function
57
What does DNA carry?
All genetic information necessary for cells to replicate
58
What does DNA regulate?
All cellular activity to direct protein synthesis
59
What does DNA determine and how?
A person’s characteristics by regulating the sequence of amino acids in the persons proteins during synthesis
60
What is the importance of nitrogenous base pairs in DNA?
Constitute the genetic code
61
What is transfer RNA?
Receives genetic code from mRna and combines with individual amino acids
62
How many types of tRNA exist?
22 one for each amino acid
63
What are chromosomes?
Tiny rod shaped bodies that are composed of protein and DNA
64
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 chromosomes - 23 pairs in each somatic cell
65
How many chromosomes are in germ cells?
23 only
66
What are genes?
Segments of DNA that serve as the basic units of heredity
67
What is the process of identifying genes in the genome called?
Mapping
68
How many billion base pairs are there in the human genome?
2.9 billion
69
What are inorganic compounds?
Compounds that don't contain carbon
70
What are the components of a normal human cell?
Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, cytoplasmic organells, nucleus
71
What makes up the cytoplasmic organelles?
Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi apparatus or complex • Mitochondria • Lysosomes • Ribosomes • Centrosomes
72
What is cell division?
The multiplication process whereby one cell divides into two or more cells
73
What are the two types of cell division?
Mitosis and Meiosis
74
What is mitosis?
A process in which the nucleus first divides, followed by a division of cytoplasm
75
What type of cells undergo mitosis?
All somatic cells
76
What is meiosis?
Special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of the parent cell
77
What type of cells undero meiosis?
Genetic cells
78
What doe the process of mitosis result in?
An equal distribution of all cellular material between two daughter cells
79
What are the stages of mitosis?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase
80
What are the 3 subdivisions of interphase?
G1, S and G2 in which the cells rest, DNA replicates and chromosomes duplicate and become visibile respectively
81
What happens in prophase?
The nuclear membrane dissolves and a spindle structure appears
82
What happens in Metaphase?
The paired chromosomes line up on the central axis of the spindle
83
What happens in Anaphase?
The chromosomes pairs separate and move apart
84
What happens in Telophase?
The cytoplasm dive and the nuclear membrane reappear. Two equal daugher cells are created
85
What are the two stages of meiosis?
Mitosis like division and Division without replication
86
What are monozygotic twins?
Identical twins
87
What are dizygotic twins?
Fraternal twins
88
What are polyzygotic siblings?
More than two

1129 Final Review (6 decks)

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