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N5 Biology > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organelle

A

Tiny structures which carry out specialised functions

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2
Q

what is the function of the nucleus and what cells can it be found in

A

controls cell activities and contains genetic material/ DNA
found in animal, plant and fungal cells

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3
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane and in what cells can it be found

A

controls entry and exit of materials to and from the cell. It is selectively permeable
found in all 4 cell types

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4
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm and in what cells can it be found

A

the site of chemical reactions within the cell. It is a liquid that is made up of water with other substances dissolved in it.

It can be found in all 4 cell types

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5
Q

what is the function of the cell wall and in what cell types can it be found

A

provides support to the cell
made of cellulose in plant cells and different aterials in fungal and bacterial cells

found plant, bacterial and fungal cells

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6
Q

function of chloroplasts and in what cells can it be found

A

contain the green chemical chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis
only present in plant cells

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7
Q

function of vacuole and what cells can it be found in

A

a large fluid/ sap filled structure that provides support for the cell
found in plant and fungal cells

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8
Q

what is the function of the mitochondrion and what cells is it found in

A

the site of aerobic respiration
found in animal, plant and fungal cells

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9
Q

function of the ribosome and what cells is it found in

A

the site of protein synthesis
found in all 4 cell types

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10
Q

function of plasmid and what cell types is it found in

A

small circular rings if DNA that can be replicated and transferred between bacteria
found in bacterial cell

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11
Q

what is a stain

A

a colourful chemical that is used to make some parts of a cell more visible

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12
Q

what is a micrometre (um)

A

a unit of measurement equivalent to
1/1000th mm

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13
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of molecules down a conventration gradient from a higher to lower concentration
it is a PASSIVE process and DOESNT REQUIRE ENERGY

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14
Q

what is a concentration gradient

A

the difference in concentration of a substance that occurs between two solutions or two cells/ tissues with solution

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15
Q

2 reasons why cells need diffusion

A

to take in substances they need e.g glucose and oxygen for aerobic respiration

to get rid of waste substances e.g carbin dioxide which is produced during aerobic respiration

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16
Q

what is osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules fro a higher water concentration to a lower concentratuin through a selectively permeable membrane.
it is a PASSIVE process anf DOESNT REQUIRE ENERGY

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17
Q

what is an independant variable

A

the variable altered during a scientific experiment

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18
Q

what is a dependant variable

A

the variable being tested and measured during an experiment

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19
Q

what is a controlled variable

A

a variable that is kept the same during an experiment

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20
Q

what happens to plant cells when placed in distilled water

A

plant cells gain water by osmosis as there is a higher water concentrations outside the cell than inside the cell. Water moves into the plant cells by osmosis down a concentration gradient from hugher to lower water concentration, which causes an increase in mass. The plant cell becomes TURGID

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21
Q

what happens to a plant cell when placed in strong sucrose solution

A

plant cells lose water by osmosis as there is a higher water concentration inside the cell than outside the cell. Water moves out of the cell by osmosis down a concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration causing a decrease in mass. The plant cell becomes PLASMOLYSED

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22
Q

what happens when red blood cells are placed in dilute solutions

A

they burst because there is a higher water concentration outside the cell, so thesolution moves into the cell and increases its mass, and because there is no cell wall for support, it bursts.

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23
Q

what happens when red blood cells are placed in a concentrated solution

A

cells shrink because there is a higher water concentration inside the cell.
Water will move by osmosis out of the cells and because there is no cell wall fro support, the cell will shrink

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24
Q

what is active transport

A

Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP for membrane proteins to move molecules and ions against the concentration gradient

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25
Q

What are the 2 molecules in a cell membrane

A

Protein molecules (larger)
and phospholipid molecules (smaller)

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26
Q

How do molecules move in passive transport

A

From high concentration to low concentration

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27
Q

How do molecules move in active transport

A

Lower concentration to higher concentration

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28
Q

How do molecules in passive transport move in relation to the concentration gradient

A

Molecules move down the concentration gradient

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29
Q

How do molecules in active transport move in relation to the concentration gradient

A

Molecules move against the concentration gradient

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30
Q

Does passive transport require energy

A

No

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31
Q

Does active transport require energy

A

Yes, ATP

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32
Q

Examples of molecules moved by passive transport

A

Oxygen, water, carbon dioxide

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33
Q

Examples of molecules moved by active transport

A

Sodium, potassium, iodine

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34
Q

Molecule needed by leaf cell for photosynthesis

A

Glucose

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35
Q

Appearance of a plant cell in a strong salt solution

A

Plasmolysed

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36
Q

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from higher to lower

A

Diffusion

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37
Q

The movement of water molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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38
Q

Appearance of a plant immersed in pure water

A

Turgid

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39
Q

Where is DNA (largest to smallest)

A

Nucleus, chromosome, gene. DNA

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40
Q

Why is DNA needed

A

Carries the code to make all living things, proteins

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41
Q

Shape of DNA

A

Double helix

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42
Q

What are the four bases of DNA

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine(G)
Thymine(T)
Cytosine(C)

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43
Q

What are the complementary base pairs

A

C-G
A-T

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44
Q

What does DNA form in the nucleus

A

Chromosomes

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45
Q

What is the significance of the sequence of bases in DNA

A

It determined the structure and function of the protein.
It determines the order of amino acids

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46
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place

A

Ribosome

47
Q

What is the role of the messenger RNA

A

Takes a version of the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome (cytoplasm)

48
Q

What are the 5 functions of proteins
(Think of the acronym)

A

Structural- form essential structural support to cells like the proteins in the cell membrane and collagen

Hormones- chemicals that are produced in one part of the body and carried int he blood to another part e.g insulin

Antibodies- made by white blood cells and they help fight against disease. They are specific to the infection they work against

Receptors- act as a binding site for molecules

Enzymes- biological catalysts that speed up the rate of cellular reaction. They are essential and processes like photosynthesis would occur to slowly without them

49
Q

What is a catalyst

A

Substance which speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up

50
Q

What is an enzyme

A

Speed up the rate of cellular reactions while remaining unchanged

51
Q

What is an active site

A

The location on the enzyme where the substrate attaches

52
Q

What is a substrate

A

The substance an enzyme works on

53
Q

What is a product

A

What is made at the end of an enzyme-catalysed reaction

54
Q

What is an enzyme/substrate complex

A

Substrates in enzymes active site and enzyme reaction taking place

55
Q

What does it mean when the reaction is specific

A

The action of an enzyme into working on one substrate

56
Q

What is a degradation reaction

A

Where a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules

57
Q

What is a synthesis reaction

A

Reaction where smaller molecules are joined to from a larger molecule

58
Q

What does optimum conditions mean

A

There are certain conditions in which an enzyme works at its best (most active), these are optimum conditions elg temperature and pH

59
Q

What is the working range

A

The range of values e.g temperature or pH’s at which an enzyme is working

60
Q

What does denatured mean

A

An enzyme that has had the shape of its active site permanently changed due to high temperatures

61
Q

Describe a degradation reaction

A

A substrate fits into the active site of an enzyme to form an enzyme substrate complex. The reaction takes place and smaller molecules are released from the active site. The enzyme molecule remains unchanged and is then reused

62
Q

Describe a synthesis reaction

A

The substrate of 2 smaller molecules fits into the enzyme to form the enzyme substrate complex. The reaction take place and one larger molecule is released, the enzyme can then be reused as it is unchanged

63
Q

What is HP COW and what type of reaction is it

A

Substrate- hydrogen peroxide
Enzymes catalase
Products- oxygen and water

Degradation reaction

64
Q

What is SAM and what type of reaction is it

A

Substrate Starch
Enzyme- amylase
Products- maltose

Degradation

65
Q

What is G1PPS and what is its reaction type

A

Substrate- glucose-1-phosphate

Enzyme- phosphorylase

Product- starch

Synthesis reaction

66
Q

What is FLAG and what type of reaction is it

A

Substrate- fat
Enzyme- lipase
Products- fatty acids and glycerol

Degradation reaction

67
Q

What is PPP
What type of reaction

A

Substrate- protein
Enzyme- pepsin
Product- peptides

Degradation reaction

68
Q

What do enzymes make

A

Proteins

69
Q

What is an antibody

A

Proteins that defend the body against disease

70
Q

What is a receptor

A

Protein on the cell surface with a shape complementary to a hormone

71
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

Genetic engineering involves taking genetic information from one cell and transferring it into another. These cells can be from different species of organism.
The process is also known as genetic modification

72
Q

What are the 8 stages of genetic engineering

A
  1. Identify a section of DNA that contains the gene for making the desired protein from the chromosome
  2. Remove the required gene using an enzyme
  3. Collect bacterial cell and remove plasmid
  4. Open the plasmid using the same enzyme that was used for the gene
  5. Insert the gene in to the open plasmid and close using a different enzyme
  6. Insert the plasmid into a host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified organism
  7. Grow the bacteria to have lots of bacterial cells containing the new gene to make the new protein
  8. Extract and purify the protein for use
73
Q

5 uses of genetic engineering

A

Human growth hormone- a hormone produced by cells in the pituitary gland. Essential during childhood and adolescence to control growth and development.

Insulin- made by pancreas cells. Controls the level of glucose in blood

Blight resistant potatoes- a food crop which is resistant to a fungal disease which causes rotting

Tomatoes- genetically engineered to have a longer shelf life

Golden rice- genetically engineered to be yellow in colour and contains lots of vitamin A

74
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

An example of a gene that is naturally transferred from one bacteria to another

75
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circle of bacterial DNA

76
Q

Gene

A

A short length of DNA that has the information to make a single protein

77
Q

Donor

A

Organism from which the genetic material is obtained for transfer to another species

78
Q

Advantages of using micro organism

A

Easy to work with
Multiply quickly

79
Q

Advantages of producing medicinal products by genetic engineering

A

Quicker process
Less allergic reactions

80
Q

What sugar is the most common source of energy in living cells

A

Glucose

81
Q

What is respiration

A

An enzyme controlled reaction by which we ergo stored in sugar is released

82
Q

Show model of ATP

A

Adenosine- Pi-Pi-Pi

Last bind is the bind which must be broken to release energy

83
Q

When is energy uptake

A

ADP+Pi-ATP

84
Q

When is energy released

A

ATP- ADP+Pi

85
Q

3 uses of ATP

A

Cell division, muscular contraction,
Synthesis of proteins

86
Q

What is aerobic respiration, and equation

A

The release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen.

Glucose + oxygen —(enzymes)— carbon dioxide + water + energy

87
Q

What is stage one of respiration

A

Glycolysis

No oxygen required
Takes place int he cytoplasm

Glucose
I
I. 2 ATP
I
2x pyruvate

In glycolysis glucose is borne down into 2 molecules of pyruvate in a series of enzyme controlled reactions. No oxygen is required. This stage yields 2 ATP molecules overall and takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell

88
Q

What is stage 2 of alibis respiration

A

Breakdown of pyruvate

Oxygen is required
Takes place int mitochondrion

Pyruvate
I
I A large number of
I. ATP
Carbon dioxide+ water

If oxygen is present aerobic respiration takes place, each pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, enough energy is released to yield a large number of ATP molecules
This stage is controlled by enzymes and takes place in the mitochondria

89
Q

What is fermentation and where does is occur

A

The breakdown of glucose when oxygen is absent

Occurs in animal cells and yeast cells

Takes place in cytoplasm
Absence of oxygen

   Glucose 
       I
       I 2 ATP
       I

Animal Yeast and
Cells Plant cells

Lactate Ethanol
And
Carbon
Dioxide

90
Q

Fermentation in animal cells summary equation

A

Glucose —(enzyme)— lactate + energy

91
Q

Fermentation in plant and yeast cells summary equation

A

Glucose—(enzymes)— ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

92
Q

what is a respirometer

A

a piece of apparatus to measure the rate of respiration

for example volume of oxygen consumed per minute by a living organism

93
Q

how does the respirometer work

A

carbon dioxide given out by the earthworm is absorbed by the sodium hydroxide
oxygen taken in by the earthworm causes the volume of air in the enclosed system to decrease and the level of coloured liquid in the tube to rise
the level of coloured dye is measured at the start
after a set period of time, the change in the level of coloured dye is measured to show the volume of oxygen used.

94
Q

how would a control tube be used in a respirometer

A

it will not have a living organism in it, but will have everything else, to show that it was the impact from respiring and nothing else in the boiling tube that was having an effect

95
Q

will a glowing splint relight in a boiling tube with live peas or boiled peas

A

the flask with boiled peas as they will not respire and use up oxygen

96
Q

how is sterilising fluid used in an experiment with peas

A

sterilising fluid is used to soak the boiled peas to kill any microorganisms that may respire and use up oxygen

97
Q

when does limewater turn cloudy

A

when carbon dioxide is added

98
Q

will lime water turn cloudy in a test tube with live peas or boiled peas

A

limewater will turn cloudy in the test tube with live peas, as when they respire, they will produce carbon dioxide

99
Q

will the temperature increase in a vacuum flask with live peas or boiled peas

A

the temperature will increase in the vacuum flask with live peas, as they will respire and produce heat energy, so the temperature on the thermometer will increase

100
Q

pyruvate

A

produced first when glucose is broken down

101
Q

product of fermentation in yeast that makes beer fizzy

A

carbon dioxide

102
Q

where does the second stage of respiration occcur

A

mitochondria

103
Q

3 cellular activities that require energy from ATP

A

active transport
protein synthesis
cell division

104
Q

number of ATP yield per glucose molecule from fermentation

A

2

105
Q

other name for alcohol produced by yeast fermentation

A

ethanol

106
Q

where the first stage of respiration and fermentation take place

A

cytoplasm

107
Q

ATP yield per glucose molecule from aerobic repiration

A

large number

108
Q

controls the series of repiration reactions

A

enzymes

109
Q

made from pyruvate in animal cells if oxygen is unavailable

A

lactate

110
Q

required for the second stage of respiration

A

oxygen

111
Q

short term store of chemical energy

A

ATP

112
Q

cells that produce ethanol and carbon dioxide when oxygen is not available

A

plant

113
Q

energy rich molecule that is the substrate for respiration

A

glucose

114
Q

produced during aerobic respiration but not fermentation

A

water

N5 Biology (2 decks)

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