Cell biology Flashcards
What is Eukaryotic cells
They are animal and plant cells
They have:
Genetic material that forms chromosomes and is contained in a nucleus
What is Prokaryotic/ bacteria cell?
Bacyeria have the following characteristics:
Single-celled
No nucleus - have single loop DNA
Have small rings of DNA called plasmids
Smaller than eukaryotic cells
What structure does both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?
- Animal cell:
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus - Plant cell:
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Permanent vacuole - Prokaryotic/ bacteria cell:
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
DNA free in cytoplasm
Plasmids
What ia a light microscope?
Uses light to form images
Living samples can be viewed
Realatively cheap
Low magnification
Low resolution
What is an electron microscope?
Uses beam of electrons to form images
Samples connot be living
Expensive
High magnification
High resolution
These microscope they allow you to see sub-cellular structures such as ribsomes
Equation of magnification?
Magnification=image size/actual size
Specialised cell definition?
They differentiate to form different types of cells in animal and plant cells
Sperm cell function and adaptations
Fertilise an ovum (egg)
- Tail to swim to the ovum and fertilise it.
- Lots of mitochondria to release energy from respration, enabling the sperm to swim to the ovum.
Red blood cell function and adaptation
Transport oxygen around the body
No nucleus so more room to carry oxygen
Contains a red pigment called haemoglobin that binds to oxygen molecules
Flat bi-cave disc shape to increase surface area- to- volume ratio
Muscle cell function and adaptations
Contract and relax to allow movment
Contains protein fibers, which can contract to make cells shorter
Contains lots of mitchondria to release energy from respiration,allowing the musclesto contract
Nerve cell function and adaptations
Carry electrical impulses around the body
Brached endings, called dendites, to make connections with other neurons of effectors
Myelin sheath insulates the axon to increase the transmission speed of electrical impulses
Root hair cell adaptations and functions
Absorb mineral ions and water from the soil
Long projection speeds up th absorption of water and mineral ions by increasing the surface area of the cell
Lots of mitocondria to release energy for the active transport of mineral ions from the soil
Paliside cell function and adaptations
Enable photosynthesis in the leaf
Lots of chloroplast containing chlorophyll to absorb light energy
Located at the top of the surface to the leaf where it can absorb the most light energy
Cell membrane definition
Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Nucleus definition
contains DNA
Mitochondria definition
where energy is released through respiration
Ribsomes definition
site of protein synthesis
Cytoplasm definition
Jelly-like substance, where chemical reactions happen
Permanent vacuole definition
Contains cell sap
Chloroplast definition
Contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy for photosynthesis
Cell wall defintion
Made of cellulose, which stengthens the cells
