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Biology - Y10 + Y11 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Process by which prokaryotic organisms like bacteria divide and reproduce
Its a type of cell division AND reproduction

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2
Q

What structures are present in bacteria?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Large circular strand of DNA
  • Plasmids - circles of DNA (non-essential genes)
  • Flagellum
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3
Q

How many cells does binary fission produce?

A

2

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4
Q

What 2 things does a bacterial cell need to do before it divides?

A
  • Grow
  • Replicate genetic material so there is enough for each new cell (plasmids and large strands of DNA)
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5
Q

What happens during binary fission?

A
  1. Cell grows
  2. Replicates genetic material
  3. 2 large circular strands move to each sides of cell, plasmids arranged randomly - 1 offspring might end up getting more
  4. Grows a new cell wall down in the middle of the cell
  5. Allows the 2 halves to pull apart
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6
Q

How often does bacteria divide?

A

Every 20 minutes, population divides every 20 min

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7
Q

How can you work out how many cells will produce if you are given a mean division time?

A
  • Convert hours to minutes and divide it by mean division time
  • Find out rounds of division
  • If there are for eg 3 divisions do 1 X 2 X 2 X 2
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8
Q

What are the optimum conditions for bacteria to grow?

A
  • Warm
  • Moist
  • Plently of nutrients
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9
Q

How do you prepare a slide?

A
  1. Add a drop of water to middle of clean slide
  2. Cut up an onion and separate it into layers. Tweezers to pull off some epidermal tissue
  3. Tweexers to place tissue into water on slide
  4. Drop of iodine solution - highlight objects in a cell by adding colour to them
  5. Place cover slip on top - stand cover slip upright on the side next to water droplet, carfeully tilt and lower so it covers speciment - no air bubbles - obstruct view
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10
Q

How to use light microscrope

A
  1. Clip slide onto stage
  2. Select lowest-powered objective lens (produces lowest magnification)
  3. Use coarse adjustment knob to move stage up to just below OL
  4. Look from the side while using coarse adjustment knob to move stage upwards until objective lens almost touches the slide
  5. Adjust focus with fine adjustment knob, until clear image
  6. Calc total magnificaiton
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11
Q

Rules for sketches of cells

A
  • Pencil with sharp point
  • Drawing takes at least half of space
  • Clear, unbroken lines
  • No colouring/shading
  • Subcellular structures should be drawn in proportion
  • Title + magnification it was observed under
  • Label important feautures - using straight uncrossed lines
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12
Q

What does 1 order of magnitude mean?

A

10X larger

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13
Q

What is 100 larger in terms of order of magnitude?

A

2 orders of magnitude

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14
Q

What are objective lenses?

A

There are usually 3 and they control the magnification

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15
Q

What is the eyepeice and what does it contain?

A

Where you look down to view speciment, it has the eyepiece lens w/ magnifcation of 10x

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16
Q

What happens if we look through the eyepiece while positioning the objective lens?

A

Risk that we could damage the slide

17
Q

How do you calc total magnification?

A

Mag of eyepiece lens X mag of objective lens

18
Q

Adaptations of root hair cells

A
  • Hair - increases SA of root, so it abosrbs water and dissolved minerals more effectively
  • Dont have chloroplasts cuz they’re underground
19
Q

Adaptations of xylem cells

A
  • Form long tubes - carry water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves
  • Thick walls with lignin - supports plant
  • However, cell walls are sealed with lignin, so xylem cells die
  • End walls between cells have been broken down - allows for flow in a long tube
  • No nucleus, cytoplasm, vasuole or chloroplastsin xylem cells - easy to flow
20
Q

Adaptations of phloem cells

A
  • Phloem vessel cells have limited cytoplasm, so less mitochondria - so its has a companian cell connected by claws - companian cells provide enegry for phloem vessel cell
21
Q

2 types of cells in the phloem

A
  • Phloem vessel cells - no nucleus and only limited cytoplasm
  • Sieve plates - end of walls of vessel cells, have pores called sieve plates
22
Q

Requored practical 3 - effects of osmoiss on plant tissue

Method

A
  1. Peel potato - skin can prevent osmosis
  2. Use cork borer to produce 3 cylinders of potato - same diamtere
  3. Use scalpel to trum cylinders to same length (3cm)
  4. Measure length of each cylinder using ruler and mass using a balance
  5. Place each cylinder into a testt ube
  6. Add 10cm3 of a 0.5 molar sugar solution to first tt
  7. Add 10cm3 of 0.25 molar sugar solution to second tt
  8. Add 10cm3 of distilled water to third tt
  9. Leave potato clinders over night
  10. Remove potato cylinders and gently rolly them on paper towel to remove any surface moisture
  11. Measure length and mass again
  12. Calc percentage change

Biology - Y10 + Y11 (6 decks)

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