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Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the most basic unit of life
  3. All cells arise only from ore-existing cells
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2
Q

Nuclear membrane/nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane composed of two sets of phospholipid bilayers

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3
Q

Nucleolus

A

Within the nucleus; responsible for ribosome assembly

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything within a eukaryotic cells besides the nucleus and plasma membrane

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

The dense, gel-like, aqueous solution that comprises the liquid found inside cells

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy powerhouse of the cell; where the citric acid cycle, beta-oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation take place

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7
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Inside the inner membrane of mitochondria; where the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation take place

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8
Q

4 layers of mitochondria

A
  1. Outer membrane
  2. Intermembrane space
  3. Inner membrane
  4. Mitochondrial matrix
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9
Q

Endosymbiotic origin hypothesis

A

Mitochondria derive from an original prokaryotic cell capable of aerobic metabolism that became engulfed in another cell

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

Garbage disposal system of the cell

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11
Q

Endocytosis

A

How material from outside the cell enters the lysosome

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12
Q

Autophagy

A

How material from inside the cell enters the lysosome

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13
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A net-like organelle that extends out from the nuclear membrane; composed of cisternae

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14
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Part of the ER that is covered in ribosomes; the site of protein synthesis

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15
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

No ribosomes; involved in lipid metabolism (both synthesis and breakdown), the production of steroid hormones, detoxification, and the storage of calcium ions in muscle

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins into membrane bound vesicles to be sent to their ultimate destination

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17
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Trap peroxides and break down very long-chain lipids

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides structural support to a cell and helps it move

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19
Q

Microfilament roles

A

Cell motility, endo- and exocytosis, and cell cleavage during division and ability of cells to contract

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20
Q

Microfilament composition

A

Two strands of actin polymers

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21
Q

Microtubule composition

A

Polymeric dimers of alpha and beta tubulin

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22
Q

Microtubule roles

A

Maintain the structure of the cell, make up cilia, flagella, and mitotic spindles, and facilitate intracellular transport

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23
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Provide structural support and are involved in cellular adhesion

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24
Q

Centrioles

A

Cylindrical structures that are made primarily of tubulin that help organize the mitotic spindle and are an important part of the centrosome

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25
Centrosome
Major microtubule organizing center within the cell
26
Flagella
Tail-like appendages that protrude from a cell and allow it to move
27
Cilia
Relatively small projections that help move substances along the cell surface (eg mucus in the lungs)
28
What are prokaryotic flagella made of?
Flagellin
29
Plasma membrane
Separates the cell from the extracellular environment surrounding it
30
Fluid mosaic model
The plasma membrane can be thought of as a two dimensional liquid in which the lipid and protein components can shift relatively freely
31
G0 Phase
Resting phase, cell is just going about normal business
32
Interphase
When a cell prepares for division; takes up about 90% of the cell cycle Where growth and DNA replication occur
33
G1 Phase
Growth phase; G1 checkpoint is where the cell commits to division (restriction point)
34
G2 Phase
Cell grows more
35
S Phase
DNA Replication
36
Prophase
Prepares the cell for mitosis: -DNA is condensed -Sister chromatids join at the centromere -Kinetochore assembles on the centromere -Nuclear envelope disappears -Mitotic spindle forms
37
Metaphase
-Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate -Final cell checkpoint occurs
38
Anaphase
-Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell by a shortening of the microtubules attached to kinetochores
39
Telophase
-A new nuclear envelope forms -Cytokinesis
40
Prokaryotes
The oldest form of cellular life; characterized by the lack of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
41
Commensal relationship
One party benefits, the other is unaffected
42
Mutualistic relationship
Both parties benefit
43
Pathogenic relationship
One party benefits, the other is harmed
44
Spherical bacteria
Cocci
45
Rod-shaped bacteria
Bacilli
46
Spiral shaped
Spirilla
47
Anaerobes
Bacteria that do not require oxygen for metabolism
48
Obligate anaerobes
Oxygen is toxic
49
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Cannot engage in aerobic metabolism, but oxygen is not toxic
50
Facultative anaerobes
Can engage in aerobic or anaerobic metabolism depending on the circumstances
51
Obligate anaerobes
Require oxygen for metabolism
52
Unique cellular features of bacteria (that eukaryotes do not have)
Cell wall
53
Peptidoglycan
Material that makes up bacterial cell walls
54
Gram positive
Have a thick layer of peptidoglycan
55
Gram negative
Have two membranes and a thin layer of peptidoglycan
56
Three components of bacterial flagella
Filament, basal body, hook
57
Plasmids
Small circular pieces of DNA
58
Nucleoid region
Where the single circular chromosome of bacterial DNA is located
59
Virulence factors
Anything that allows a bacterial infection to be more harmful to the host
60
Binary fission
How bacteria replicate
61
Steps of binary fission
1. Replication 2. Segregation and growth of a new cell wall 3. Separation
62
Bacterial growth curve phases
1. Lag 2. Exponential 3. Stationary 4. Death
63
Horizontal gene transfer
How bacteria introduce genetic diversity
64
Transformation
The ability of bacteria to absorb genetic material directly from the environment
65
Transduction
Virus-mediated gene transfer -Bacteriophages take DNA from a previous cell and infect another bacterial cell with it
66
Conjugation
Transfer of a plasmid through a bridge that is created when a sex pilus on one bacterium (F+) attached to another bacterium (F-)
67
Viruses
Obligate intracellular parasitic particles (must hijack hosts to replicate)
68
Capsid
Protein coat on viruses
69
Virion
Fully assembled, infectious viruses
70
Bacteriophages
Viruses whose host cells are bacteria
71
Retroviruses
Use reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from their RNA genome
72
Extrusion
How virions can be released from a host cell
73
Lysogenic cycle
A bacteriophage integrates itself into the host genome (then referred to as a prophage or provirus) and can resume a lytic cycle in response to an environmental factor
74
Lytic cycle
The. bacteriophage replicates at full speed, eventually filling the cell with virions to the point where it lyses, spilling them out into the environment
75
Prions
Misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold as well, causing disease
76

Biology (2 decks)

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