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Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the most basic unit of life
  3. All cells arise only from ore-existing cells
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2
Q

Nuclear membrane/nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane composed of two sets of phospholipid bilayers

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3
Q

Nucleolus

A

Within the nucleus; responsible for ribosome assembly

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything within a eukaryotic cells besides the nucleus and plasma membrane

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5
Q

Cytosol

A

The dense, gel-like, aqueous solution that comprises the liquid found inside cells

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy powerhouse of the cell; where the citric acid cycle, beta-oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation take place

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7
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Inside the inner membrane of mitochondria; where the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation take place

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8
Q

4 layers of mitochondria

A
  1. Outer membrane
  2. Intermembrane space
  3. Inner membrane
  4. Mitochondrial matrix
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9
Q

Endosymbiotic origin hypothesis

A

Mitochondria derive from an original prokaryotic cell capable of aerobic metabolism that became engulfed in another cell

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

Garbage disposal system of the cell

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11
Q

Endocytosis

A

How material from outside the cell enters the lysosome

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12
Q

Autophagy

A

How material from inside the cell enters the lysosome

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13
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A net-like organelle that extends out from the nuclear membrane; composed of cisternae

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14
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Part of the ER that is covered in ribosomes; the site of protein synthesis

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15
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

No ribosomes; involved in lipid metabolism (both synthesis and breakdown), the production of steroid hormones, detoxification, and the storage of calcium ions in muscle

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins into membrane bound vesicles to be sent to their ultimate destination

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17
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Trap peroxides and break down very long-chain lipids

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides structural support to a cell and helps it move

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19
Q

Microfilament roles

A

Cell motility, endo- and exocytosis, and cell cleavage during division and ability of cells to contract

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20
Q

Microfilament composition

A

Two strands of actin polymers

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21
Q

Microtubule composition

A

Polymeric dimers of alpha and beta tubulin

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22
Q

Microtubule roles

A

Maintain the structure of the cell, make up cilia, flagella, and mitotic spindles, and facilitate intracellular transport

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23
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Provide structural support and are involved in cellular adhesion

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24
Q

Centrioles

A

Cylindrical structures that are made primarily of tubulin that help organize the mitotic spindle and are an important part of the centrosome

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25
Q

Centrosome

A

Major microtubule organizing center within the cell

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26
Q

Flagella

A

Tail-like appendages that protrude from a cell and allow it to move

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27
Q

Cilia

A

Relatively small projections that help move substances along the cell surface (eg mucus in the lungs)

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28
Q

What are prokaryotic flagella made of?

A

Flagellin

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29
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Separates the cell from the extracellular environment surrounding it

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30
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

The plasma membrane can be thought of as a two dimensional liquid in which the lipid and protein components can shift relatively freely

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31
Q

G0 Phase

A

Resting phase, cell is just going about normal business

32
Q

Interphase

A

When a cell prepares for division; takes up about 90% of the cell cycle
Where growth and DNA replication occur

33
Q

G1 Phase

A

Growth phase; G1 checkpoint is where the cell commits to division (restriction point)

34
Q

G2 Phase

A

Cell grows more

35
Q

S Phase

A

DNA Replication

36
Q

Prophase

A

Prepares the cell for mitosis:
-DNA is condensed
-Sister chromatids join at the centromere
-Kinetochore assembles on the centromere
-Nuclear envelope disappears
-Mitotic spindle forms

37
Q

Metaphase

A

-Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
-Final cell checkpoint occurs

38
Q

Anaphase

A

-Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell by a shortening of the microtubules attached to kinetochores

39
Q

Telophase

A

-A new nuclear envelope forms
-Cytokinesis

40
Q

Prokaryotes

A

The oldest form of cellular life; characterized by the lack of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

41
Q

Commensal relationship

A

One party benefits, the other is unaffected

42
Q

Mutualistic relationship

A

Both parties benefit

43
Q

Pathogenic relationship

A

One party benefits, the other is harmed

44
Q

Spherical bacteria

A

Cocci

45
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria

A

Bacilli

46
Q

Spiral shaped

A

Spirilla

47
Q

Anaerobes

A

Bacteria that do not require oxygen for metabolism

48
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Oxygen is toxic

49
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Cannot engage in aerobic metabolism, but oxygen is not toxic

50
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can engage in aerobic or anaerobic metabolism depending on the circumstances

51
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Require oxygen for metabolism

52
Q

Unique cellular features of bacteria (that eukaryotes do not have)

A

Cell wall

53
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Material that makes up bacterial cell walls

54
Q

Gram positive

A

Have a thick layer of peptidoglycan

55
Q

Gram negative

A

Have two membranes and a thin layer of peptidoglycan

56
Q

Three components of bacterial flagella

A

Filament, basal body, hook

57
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circular pieces of DNA

58
Q

Nucleoid region

A

Where the single circular chromosome of bacterial DNA is located

59
Q

Virulence factors

A

Anything that allows a bacterial infection to be more harmful to the host

60
Q

Binary fission

A

How bacteria replicate

61
Q

Steps of binary fission

A
  1. Replication
  2. Segregation and growth of a new cell wall
  3. Separation
62
Q

Bacterial growth curve phases

A
  1. Lag
  2. Exponential
  3. Stationary
  4. Death
63
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

How bacteria introduce genetic diversity

64
Q

Transformation

A

The ability of bacteria to absorb genetic material directly from the environment

65
Q

Transduction

A

Virus-mediated gene transfer
-Bacteriophages take DNA from a previous cell and infect another bacterial cell with it

66
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of a plasmid through a bridge that is created when a sex pilus on one bacterium (F+) attached to another bacterium (F-)

67
Q

Viruses

A

Obligate intracellular parasitic particles (must hijack hosts to replicate)

68
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat on viruses

69
Q

Virion

A

Fully assembled, infectious viruses

70
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses whose host cells are bacteria

71
Q

Retroviruses

A

Use reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from their RNA genome

72
Q

Extrusion

A

How virions can be released from a host cell

73
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

A bacteriophage integrates itself into the host genome (then referred to as a prophage or provirus) and can resume a lytic cycle in response to an environmental factor

74
Q

Lytic cycle

A

The. bacteriophage replicates at full speed, eventually filling the cell with virions to the point where it lyses, spilling them out into the environment

75
Q

Prions

A

Misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold as well, causing disease

76
Q
A

Biology (2 decks)

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