Cell Biology Flashcards
Name the main organelles of an animal cell
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, and mitochondria
Name the organelles of a plant cell
Cell wall, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole,
Relative size of bacterial cells
0.2 to 2 micrometers
How is genetic material found in eukaryotic cells
Found in the nucleus
How is the genetic material found in a prokaryotic cell
Found in the cytoplasm
Magniification formula
mag = image size / real size
Preperation of a microscope slide
Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
Cut up an onion and seperate it out into layers
Use tweezers to take some epidermal tissue and place it on the water on the slide
Add a drop of iodine solution as a stain which is used to highlight colours
Then carefully put a cover slip over the specimen
What is cell differentiation
As cells change, they develop different subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells. Most differentiation occurs as a organism develops. In most animal cells, this is lost at an early stage however lots of plant cells don’t lose this ability
What is binary fission
The circular DNA and the plasmids replicate. The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite poles of the cell. The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form. The cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are formed with identical DNA to the parent cell.
How to use uncontaminated cultures
The petri dishes and culture medium must be sterilised before use to kill any unwanted microorganisms. A sterilised inoculating loop can then be used to transfer the bacteria. After the bacteria has been transferred, the lid of the petri dishes can be lightly taped on to stop microorganism in the air from getting in. The petri dish should be upside down to stop the drops if condensation from falling onto the agar surface
Mitosis
The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends. Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes, theses become the nuclei for the two new cells. Then the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide creating two new daughter cells which are both identical to the parent cell
What is a stem cell
Differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job. Undifferentiated cells called stem cells can divide to produce more undifferentiated cells and these can become different types of cells depending on the instructions they are given. The adult ones can only differentiate into certain one however embryo stem cells can become any cell in the body.
Some diseases that can
Leukemia, hodgekins disease, lymphoma
