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bio paper 1 🍯 > cell biology > Flashcards

cell biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name the two types of cells

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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2
Q

what is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote cell?

A

PROKARYOTIC
- bacteria
- much smaller
- no nucleus

EUKARYOTIC
- plants and animals
- contain a membrane bound- organelles
- nucleus with genetic material

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3
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell wall composed of?

A

peptidoglycan

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4
Q

how is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?

A

found free within the cytoplasm as…
- chromosomal DNA (single loop of circular DNA)
- plasmid DNA

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5
Q

what are plasmids?

A
  • small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the real DNA
  • carry genes to provide genetic advancements (e.g, antibiotic resistance)
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6
Q

what is order of magnitude?

A

a power to the base ten used to quantify and compare size

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7
Q

list the five components that makes up both plants and animal cells

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
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8
Q

list the three components found only in plant cells

A
  • cell wall
  • permanent vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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9
Q

other than storing genetic information, what is the function of the nucleus?

A

control cellular activities

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10
Q

describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A

fluid containing enzymes, organelles and dissolved ions and nutrients

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11
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A
  • site of cellular reactions
  • transport medium
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12
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

controls entry and exist of materials in and out of the cell

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13
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

site of later stages of aerobic respiration, in which ATP is produced

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14
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes?

A

join amino acids in a specific order during translation for protein synthetics

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15
Q

what is the plant cell wall made of?

A

cellulose

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16
Q

what is the function of the plant cell wall?

A
  • provides strength
  • prevents the cell from bursting when water enters through osmosis
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17
Q

what does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

cell sap (solution of salts, sugars, and organic acids)

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18
Q

what is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

supports the cell, maintaining turgidity

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19
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis

20
Q

describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted for their function?

A

HAPLOID NUCLEUS contains genetic information

TAIL enables movement

MITOCHONDRIA provides energy for tail movement

ACROSOME contains enzymes that digest the egg cell wall

21
Q

describe how nerve cells in animals are adapted for their function

A

LONG AXON allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the cns

DENDRITES from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles, and glands

MYELIN SHEATH insulates the axon and speed up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell

22
Q

describe how muscle cells are adapted for their function

A

MITOCHONDRIA provide energy for muscle contraction

MERGED CELLS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE allows muscle fibre contraction in unison

ARRANGEMENT OF PROTEIN FILAMENTS allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction

23
Q

describe how root hair cells in plants are adapted for their function

A

LARGE SURFACE AREA to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil

THIN WALLS do not restrict water absorption

24
Q

describe how xylem cells in plants are adapted for their function

A

THICKY, WOODY, WALLS strengthen their structure and prevent collapse

NO MARGINS between cells (upper or lower) to provide a continuous route of water to flow

25
Q

describe how phloem cells in plants are adapted for their function

A

SEIVE PLATES let dissolved amino acids and sugars be transported up and down the stem

COMPANION CELLS provide energy needed for active transport of substances

26
Q

what is cell differentiation?

A

the process by which cells become specialised

27
Q

why is cell differentiation important?

A

allows production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the human body

28
Q

at what point in their life cycle do most animal cells differentiate?

A

early in their life cycle

29
Q

for how long do plants cells retain the ability to differentiate?

A

throughout their entire life cycle

30
Q

what is the purpose of cell division in mature animals?

A

repair and replacement of cells

31
Q

what changes does a cell go through as it differentiates?

A

becomes specialised by obtaining different sub-cellular structures to enable a specific function to be performed by the cell

32
Q

define resolution

A

the smallest distance between two objects, that can be distinguished by an observer

33
Q

how does a light microscope work?

A
  • passes a beam of light through specimen
  • light travels through eyepiece lens
  • this allows specimen to be observed
34
Q

state the advantages of light microscopes

A
  • inexpensive
  • easy to use
  • portable
  • observe both dead and living specimens
35
Q

what is a disadvantage of a light microscope?

A

limited resolution

36
Q

how does an electron microscope work?

A
  • uses a beam of electrons, focused using magnets
  • electrons hit a fluorescent screen, which emit visible light
  • this produces an image
37
Q

names two types of electron microscopes

A
  • transmission electron microscope
  • scanning electron microscope
38
Q

what are the advantages of using an electron microscope?

A
  • greater resolution
  • greater magnification
39
Q

why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution?

A

they use a beam of electrons which has a shorter wavelength than photons of light

40
Q

how have electron microscopes enables scientists to develop cell understanding?

A
  • small sub-cellular organisms can be observed in detail (eg, mitochondria)
  • enables scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to their functions
41
Q

what are the disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • expensive
  • large, so less portable
  • require training to use
  • only dead specimens can be observed
42
Q

how do bacteria multiply?

A

binary fission (simple cell division)

43
Q

how often do bacteria multiply?

A

once every 20 minutes …

… if enough nutrients are available and the temperature is suitable

44
Q

state two ways in which bacteria can be grown

A
  • nutrient broth solution
  • colonies on an agar gel plate
45
Q

what nutrients make up a nutrient broth solution?

A

all nutrients required for bacteria to grow…

  • including nitrogen for protein synthesis
  • carbohydrates for energy
46
Q

what are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms needed for?

A

investigating disinfectant and antibiotic action

47
Q

describe the preparation of an uncontaminated culture using aseptic technique

A
  • sterilise glass petri dish and agar gel before placing in autoclave
  • pour agar into the sterile petri dish and allow to set fully
  • swirl the bacterial suspension, ensuring that it is well mixed
  • sterilise the inoculating loop by heating it under bunsen burner flame. leave it to cool
  • dip the inoculation loop into the
    microorganism solution and make streaks on the surface of the agar plate
  • replace the lid of the petri dish and secure with tape
  • ## allow plate to dry, then label the half of the petri dish containing the media store it upside down.

bio paper 1 🍯 (1 decks)

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