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Biology HL > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

Important Concepts and Understanding

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1
Q

What is Cell Theory?

3 Points

A

1) All living organisms are made up of cells
2) The cell is the most basic structure of life
3) All cells came from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Exceptions to Cell Theory

A

1) Skeletal Muscle - larger than most cells and contains hundreds of nuclei
2) Giant Algae - consists of many small cells but only have one nucleus
3) Aseptate Fungi - have hyphae that are long undivided sections containing many nuclei

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3
Q

Functions of Unicellular Life

A

Movement
Respiration
Stimuli
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition

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4
Q

Paramecium functions of life

A
  • Lives in freshwater
    • Feeds by using endocytosis
    • Increases in size and dry mass by minerals
    • Reacts to stimuli
    • Expels waste products
    • Reproduces using mitosis or meiosis
    • Maintains homeostasis
    • Produces enzymes
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5
Q

Chlamydomonas functions of life

A
  • Lives in freshwater
    • Produces food by photosynthesis
    • Increases in size and dry mass by photosynthesis
    • Reacts to stimuli
    • Expels waste products
    • Reproduces using mitosis or meiosis
    • Maintains homeostasis
    • Produces enzymes
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6
Q

What are multicellular organisms?

A

Organisms that have multiple cells that allow for division of labour.

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7
Q

What is differentiation?

A

An organism’s entire set of its genome
- the division of labour where a cell only uses the genes it needs

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8
Q

Emergent Properties

A

arise from the interaction of the component parts of a complex structure
- “the whole is greater than the sum of its’ parts”

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9
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stems cells have the ability to divide and differentiate along different pathways

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9
Q

Example of Stem Cells

A

A human embryo is mostly consistent of stem cells that can omit to a pathway of differentiation

Bone marrow, skin and liver have stem cells in the adult human body
- have the power of regeneration and repair

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10
Q

What are the ethics of theraputic use of stem cells

A

In favor:
Improved quality of life and health for patients that are suffering
Not in favor:
Usually taken from infants that can not give consent to this action

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11
Q

Example of theraputic stem cell use

A
  • Stargardt’s macular disease
  • Leukemia
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12
Q

What are light microscopes?

A

A tool that can identify, observe and magnify objects by transmitting light through lenses

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13
Q

Magnification calculations for microscopes

A

Magnification = size of image ÷ actual size

Actual size = size of image ÷ magnification

I ÷ A|M

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13
Q

SI Conversions

A

1000mm = 1μm
1000μm = 1nm
1000nm = 1μm

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14
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

Uses a beam of electrons rather than lights - can see in a higher resolution and magnification
Two types:
Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)
- used to view ultra-thin sections
Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)
- produces and image of the surface of structures

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15
Q

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

A

By binary fission - resulting in two diploid daughter cells

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15
Q

Resolution and Magnification of both microscopes

A

Electron Microscopes:
Res - 0.25 nm
Mag - x500,000

Light Microscopes:
Res - 0.25 μm
Mag - x500

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16
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Single celled organisms without membrane bound organelles

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17
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Multicellular organisms that have compartmentalized organelles and an enclosed nucleus

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18
Q

Single membrane bound vs double membrane bound organelles

eukaryotic cells

A

Single membrane bound:
- Rough/smooth ER
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Vesicles and vacuoles

Double membrane bound:
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts (plants)

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19
Q

What did the Davson-Danielli Model discover?

A

There are layers of protein adjacent to the phospholipid bilayer, on both sides of the membrane

20
Q

What did the Singer-Nicolson (fluid mosaic model) model discover?

A

There is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded.

21
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

Proteins embedded into the bilayer

22
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins attached to the outer surface of the lipid bilayer

22
Q

What are glycoprotiens?

A

Proteins with carbohydrate units attached to the surface

23
Q

Cholestrol

A
  • have a polar head and nonpolar tail
  • reduces membrane fluidity and restricts movement
    reduced permeability of membrane
23
Q

Phospholipids (amphipathic)

A
  • have a hydrophilic head
  • have hydrophobic tails
  • one tail has saturated fatty acids
  • one tail has unsaturated fatty acids
  • naturally form a bilayer when mixed with water
24
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Diverse in structure, function and position in the membrane
- insulin receptors
- cadherin
- cytochrome oxidase
- nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
- calcium pump

24
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

25
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The difference in the concentrations of the molecules in two areas

26
Q

Partially permeable membranes

A

Membranes that allow for some substances to pass through but not others

27
Q

Simple diffusion - passive process

A

Substances that can move freely between the phospholipid molecules in the membrane

27
Q

Facilitated diffusion - passive process

A

Substances that can not pass through and need help of a channel protein
- channel proteins are specific and only allow one type of substance to pass through

28
Q

Where does facilitated occur?

A

It occurs from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

29
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

30
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances across membranes using energy from ATP
- can move substances against the concentration gradient

31
Q

Structure and function of sodium-potassium pumps in axon

A
32
Q

Endocytosis

A

Small parts of the membrane can be pinched off the plasma membrane to create a vesicle

33
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles can move to the plasma membrane releasing the contents to the outside area of the cell

34
Q

Pasteur’s experiment discovery

A

He varifyed that cells can only come from pre-existing cells by using swan necked flasks.

35
Q

Pasteur’s experiment process

A

1) placed samples of broths in each flask and melted the necks into a swan neck
2) Pasteur boiled the broths in some flasks and left others unboiled
3) fungi began to appear in the unboiled flasks
4) Pasture snapped the necks of some flasks leaving it shorter
5) concluded that no organism appeared spontaneously

36
Q

The endosymbiotic theory showings

A

Some eukaryotic cell organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids and chloroplsts, evolved from free-living prokaryotes

37
Q

The endosymbiotic theory process

A

1) A cell that respired anaerobically (without oxygen) engulfed an aerobically (with oxygen) respiring cell
2) Gradually the aerobic cell evolved into the mitochondria
(3)) A heterotypic cell took in s smaller photosynthetic bacterium which made it autotrophic

38
Q

Similarities between mitochondria/chloroplasts and prokaryotic cells

A
  • they grow and divide like cells
  • they have a naked loop of DNA, like prokaryotes
  • They synthesis proteins with 70S ribosomes
  • Double membrane bound organelles
39
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the asexual reproduction of cells resulting in two diploid identical daughter cells.

39
Q

Chromatids and Centromeres

A

The two parts of the chromosome are called sister chromatids held together by a centromere

40
Q

Process of Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

41
Q

Prophase process

A

Early:
- Spindle microtubules are growing
- Chromosomes are becoming shorter and fatter by supercoiling
Late:
- each chromosomes consists of two identical chromatids formed by DNA replication
- Spindle microtubules extend from each pole to the equator

42
Q

Metaphase Process

A
43
Q

Anaphase Process

A
44
Q
A
45
Q
A
46
Q
A

Biology HL (4 decks)

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