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Biology - BY1 > Cell Biology. > Flashcards

Cell Biology. Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the resolution limit of a light microscope?

A

So 0.2μm or 200nm

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1
Q

What does the Cell theory state and who said it?

A

That all living things are made up of cells and was first put forward by Robert Hooke in 1747

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2
Q

What is the limit of resolution.

A

This is the smallest object distinguishable when using a microscope.

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3
Q

What is one μm equivalent to?

A

1/1000 or 1*10^-3mm

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4
Q

What is one nm equivalent to?

A

1μm/1000 or 1*10^-6mm

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5
Q

What is a prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells that have no membrane bound organelles.

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6
Q

What is the average size range of a prokaryotic cell?

A

1-50μm

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7
Q

What group of microorganisms are prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria are prokaryotes and are some of the oldest living things on earth.

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8
Q

What are any “internal” membranes found in a prokaryotic cell created by?

A

An infolding of the plasma membrane.

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9
Q

What form does bacterial D.N.A take?

A

It forms a large ring which is suspended in the cytoplasm and not protected by a nucleus.

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10
Q

What other genetic material is present in the cell?

A

Along with the loop of D.N.A most bacteria contain small rings of D.N.A called Plasmids.

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11
Q

What are Bacterial cell walls composed of?

A

A complex polysaccharide similar to cellulose that contains non-carbohydrate side groups containing Nitrogen and is called Murein.

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12
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and not attached to membranes.

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13
Q

What other features can bacterial cells posess?

A

Mesosomes
A Mucilagenous capsule
Flagellae.

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14
Q

What is the purpose and structure of a mesosome in a prokaryotic cell?

A

A mesosome is a highly folded surface membrane providing a surface on which processes like respiration can take place.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of a mucilagenous capsule?

A

This stops the bacterial cell being dissolved by stomach acids as it enters the body.

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16
Q

What is the purpose and structure of a flagellum?

A

These are tail-like projections which make a bacteria motile.

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17
Q

What is the average size range of eukaryotic cells?

A

Between 1-1000μm and as such tend to be larger than prokaryotic cells.

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18
Q

How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

A

These cells have membrane-bound organelles and a complex internal membrane system developed from the outer nuclear membrane called Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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19
Q

Name some single called eukaryotic organisms.

A

Algae and Protozoa (single celled animals e.g amoeba)

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20
Q

Describe the structure of the nucleus.

A

Is the largest organelle and consists of a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope in which there are found nuclear pores.

Within the nucleus there is a dark staining nucleolus and around this structure is the nucleoplasm which contains chromatin.

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21
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus.

A

This contains the D.N.A needed to produce ribosomes and uses this to make ribosomes.

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22
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pores?

A

These selectively control what leaves and enters the nucleus. allowing messages from the D.N.A (mR.N.A) and the ribosomes made by the nucleus to leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm. (Ribosomes attach to the R.E.R)

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23
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

To protect the D.N.A(chromatin) inside.

24
Q

Describe the structure of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(R.E.R)

A

This consists of a complex system of flattened membrane bound tubes called cisternae.

25
Q

What is R.E.R formed by?

A

The out folding of the outer nuclear membrane.

26
Q

What are the two functions of R.E.R?

A

1- the cisternae function as an intracellular transportation pathway throughout the cell cytoplasm for all types of materials.

2- The large surface area crated by the folded membrane allows large numbers of ribosomes to be attached. I.e the second function of R.E.R is protein synthesis .

27
Q

What cell components can be seen with a light microscope?

A 
Vacuole
Plasmodesmata
Tonoplast
Cell wall
Chloroplasts with Grana visible
Mitochondria
Food granules
Golgi apparatus
Cell surface membrane
Centrioles (seen as one)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear membrane
Secretory granules
28
Q

Name cell structures visible with an electron microscope.

A 
Microvillus
Cell sap
Pinocytotic vesicles
S.E.R and R.E.R
Lysosomes
Free ribosomes
Two centrioles
Nuclear envelope etc
Cell membranes
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus and vesicles
29
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

They are the source of all anaerobic respiration in a cell.

30
Q

In what type of cells are mitochondria found?

A

Eukaryotic cells.

31
Q

Describe the structure of a mitochondrion.

A

These are about 2.5μm long and have a double outer membrane, the inner one of which is folded to produce shelf-like projections called cristae, between these two membranes is a fluid-filled inter-membrane space. Within the mitochondrion there is a protein rich gel called the matrix which contains mitochondrial Ribosomes and a small ring of mitochondrial D.N.A. The inner membrane is coated with stalked particles.

32
Q

Where in a mitochondrion is A.T.P produced?

A

In the stalked particles coating the inner membrane.

33
Q

Describe the structure of S.E.R.

A

This is a system of round membrane bound tubes called cisternae.

34
Q

What is the function of S.E.R?

A

Lipid synthesis and transport.

35
Q

What are the differences between S.E.R and R.E.R?

A

S.E.R is round rather than flattened, has no ribosomes and is not connected to the nucleus in any way.

36
Q

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus.

A

This consists of a stack of flattened , curved tubes called cisternae (stack of plates). Around the edge of which Golgi vesicles are constantly being formed.

37
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

1 - Secretion; this is also called expo cytosine and involves Golgi vesicles fusing with the cell surface membrane to release substances outside.

2 - Formation of lysosomes

3 - Formation of glycoproteins such as mucin in mucus which consists which consists of a protein conjugated with a sugar.

38
Q

What is the structure and function of lysosomes?

A

These are simply large Golgi vesicles containing digestive enzymes made on the R.E.R and transported to the Golgi to be packaged in lysosomes.

Lysosomes digest complex organic molecules such as proteins. Cells use these to break down worn out organelles, perform autolysis and some cells like phagocytes use them to break down pathogens.

39
Q

Describe the structure and function of a ribosome.

A

These structures are just 10nm in diameter and are made in the nucleus out of ribosomal R.N.A (rR.N.A) plus a large number of proteins including enzymes.

Ribosomes translate nucleotide base sequences into amino acid sequences.

40
Q

What a the two structural units in a ribosome?

A

The small and big subunits.

41
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Found only in eukaryotic plant cells.

42
Q

Describe the structure of a chloroplast.

A

These are usually 10μm long and have a double outer membrane which, unlike mitochondria are both not folded. They are filled with a liquid called the strong, suspended in which is a ring of D.N.A and ribosomes. Running through the stroma are paired membranes called lamellae which widen at intervals to form circular membranes called thylakoids.

43
Q

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

A

A Granum.

44
Q

What can also be contained in the stroma?

A

Large starch grains and small oil droplets.

45
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts.

A

Photosynthesis.

46
Q

Where does the light dependent stage occur and what does it produce?

A

It occurs on the thylakoid membranes and produces A.T.P

47
Q

Where does the light independent stage occur and what does it produce?

A

In the stroma and creates glucose.

48
Q

Describe the structure of a centriole.

A

Is a cylinder formed by an outer membrane which contains a ring of nine microtubules with two in the centre.

49
Q

Outline the function of centrioles.

A

Are used to produce the protein spindle structure in mitosis and meiosis which is used to pull chromatids apart during anaphase.

50
Q

Where are centrioles found.

A

In animal cells only with each centriole (2 of them) lying at right angles to eachother.

51
Q

What is the resolution limit of a light microscope imposed by?

A

The wavelength of visible light.

52
Q

What types of microorganisms are visible using a light microscope?

A

Animal, plant, bacteria but NOT VIRUSES

53
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

By using a beam of electrons generated by a current passing through a tungsten filament. These electrons are focused into a beam using powerful electro-magnets and directed through the sample. Some of which are deflected by the heavy metals (e.g gold) used to stain the structures of the sample.

54
Q

What are microvilli and what is their function?

A

These are hairlike projections on the surface of the cell formed by the out-folding of the cell surface membrane. Microvilli increase the surface area of the cell.

55
Q

What is a plasmodesmata and what is its function?

A

These are cytoplasmic channels between plant cells that allow macromolecules to pass between plant cells which have thick walls.

56
Q

What is the middle lamella in plant cells and what is its function.

A

This is the space between plant cells cell walls and consists of pectin containing calcium and acts as a glue between plant cells.

57
Q

What is the structure and function of pili in prokaryotic cells?

A

These are very thin, hairlike structures which help the cell remain attached to surfaces.

Also known as fimbriae

58
Q

Define resolution.

A

The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two points.

Biology - BY1 (10 decks)

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