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BIOL 2160 > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

what is an atom

A

the basic unit of all forms of matter

is the smallest unit of matter that retains the physical and chemical properties of the element

everything is made up onf atoms

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2
Q

atoms are made up of _____ particles

A

subatomic

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3
Q

What are the 3 most stable subatomic particles

A

neutrons, protons, and electrons

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4
Q

what subatomic particle(s) are found in the nucleus

A

protons and neutrons

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5
Q

what kind of charge does a proton have

A

positive

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6
Q

what kind of charge does a neutron have

A

no charge

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7
Q

what kind of charge does an electron have

A

a negative charge

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8
Q

where is the electron located

A

orbiting the nucleus

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9
Q

why do electrons orbit the nucleus

A

they are constantly in motion and are attracted to the positively-charged nucleus

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10
Q

what are electron orbitals

A

3D space around the nucleus of an atom where an electron will be found

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11
Q

how many electrons do every element need in order to stay stable? who is excluded from this?

A

they need 8 electrons in its outer orbital

helium and hydrogen excluded from this

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12
Q

why do hydrogen and helium NOT need 8 electrons

A

they are the lightest elements.

they only need two electrons in the outer shell in order to stay stable

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13
Q

how many particles do hydrogen have

A

hydrogen has only one electron and one proton

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14
Q

how many electrons does helium have

A

they have 2 electrons, meaning it is stable

it also has two protons and two neutrons

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15
Q

what determines the chemical behavior of an atom

A

it is determined by the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

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16
Q

when is an atom reactive and when it is inert

A

an atom with an incomplete (partially full) electron shell is reactive whereas an atom with a full electron shell is inter, or not chemically active

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17
Q

what happened to the blimp (Hindenburg)

A

a spark ignited the hydrogen gas and caused the explosion because it does not have a full outer orbital

now blimps are filled with helium because it is lighter than air but also has a full outer orbital

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18
Q

what does a reactive atom want to do

A

they want to try to fill the valence shell by interacting with other atoms
This interaction may result in two atoms forming chemical bonds
a chemical bond is an attraction that holds two atoms together
chemical bonds happen because 2 or more elements are trying to fill up their electron orbital

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19
Q

what is a molecule

A

a molecule is two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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20
Q

Examples of diatomic molecules

A

O2 and H2

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21
Q

Examples of a compound

A

NaCl

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22
Q

when is an ion formed

A

if an atom has an almost empty or an almost full outer electron shell is likely to form an ion

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23
Q

what is an ion

A

an ion is charged atom or molecule. it is charged because it has either lost or gained electrons

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24
Q

what is an anion

A

an anion is a negatively charged atom or molecule. it has gained an electron

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25
what is a cation
a cation is a positively charged atom or molecule. it has lost an electron
26
All elements on the periodic table are _______
neutral
27
when an electron gains a negative charge it is known as a _____ and has _____
anion; one more electron than protons
28
when an electron gains a positive charge it is known as a _____ and has _____
cation; one fewer electrons
29
Atoms that have an almost_____ outer orbital are likely to _____these electrons and get rid of that outer shell altogether
empty; lose
30
what is an ionic bond
when a positive and negative electron attract and do not share electrons
31
what is a covalent bond
is a bond formed when two atoms share pairs of electrons
32
what is nonpolar covalent bonds
involve electrons being shared equally
33
what is a polar covalent bond
is a covalent bond in which the sharing of the electrons pair is unequal
34
what is electronegativity
defined as an atom's ability to attract and hold electron
35
what does electronegativity indicate
an indication of how much positive charge is in the nucleus
36
the ____ the numbers, the ____ electronegative an atom is
higher; more
37
what is the electronegativity of hydrogen
2.2
38
what is the electronegativity of carbon
2.6
39
what is the electronegativity of nitrogen
3.0
40
what is the electronegativity of oxygen
3.4
41
what kind of charge will atoms have if they have a higher electronegativity?
positive, they will also hold onto the electron pair more strongly than atoms with significantly lower electronegativity
42
what are the atoms we are supposed to know the electronegativity of?
HCNO (if the atoms in the bond are next to each other on that list, the bond will be nonpolar, if it is not it is polar)
43
what is a hydrogen bond
is formed by the charge attraction when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to one atom is attracted to a second atom
44
what kind of bond a between a hydrogen and an oxygen
polar covalent bond
45
what does it mean to be hydrophilic
describes the property of having an affinity for water
46
what kind of substances are hydrophilic
polar and ionic substances
47
_____ dissolves_____
like, like
48
what does it mean to be hydrophobic
the property of not having an affinity for water
49
what kind of substances are hydrophobic
nonpolar substances
50
what are the 4 basic types of biomolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nuceotides
51
what must a carbohydrate contain in order to be a monosaccharide?
it must contain a carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (ex: C6 H12 O6)
52
what kind of structure does a carbohydrate have?
ring structure
53
what is one of the main purposes of a carbohydrate
short-term energy
54
what is the energy storage molecule in humans? what is it used for?
glycogen which is used for quick energy, and is metabolized when the blood sugar levels drop
55
what are monosaccharides
a single sugar
56
what are disaccharides
2 sugars
57
what are polysaccharides
made of hundred, even thousands of monosaccarides
58
why cant cells store a lot of glucose
because water follows glucose into the cell via osmosis
59
where are carbohydrates stored
skeletal muscle and liver of humans
60
what is carb-loading
the process of increasing the amount of glycogen stored in the body prior to a race or competition
61
what is the depletion phase of carb-loading
a week or two prior to competition, intense exercise and a no carb/high protein diet
62
what is the loading phase of carb-loading
a couple of days before a competition, no intense exercise, eating as many carbs as you can take in
63
what is water weight
when you burn through the glycogen, you burn through the water as well
64
after you burn through the water weight
blood glucose is metabolized first in the human body then glycogen reserves are metabolized and then fat is burned
65
is fat polar or nonpolar
fat is nonpolar so it has no water attached to it
66
is glycogen polar or nonpolar
it is polar which means it dissolves in water, each ounce of glycogen has as many as 4 ounces of water attached to it
67
what does a lipid consists of
nonpolar hydrocarbon chains and rings
68
are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
69
what is a saturated lipid
has as many hydrogen atoms attached as possible saturated fast are solid at body temo they have no C=C bonds they are saturated with hydrogens (lard, grease, fat)
70
what is an unsaturated lipid
are liquid at body temp they have at least one C=C bond examples: olive oil and vegetable oil
71
if a cookie is chewy, what does this tell us
they have a lot of saturated fats
72
what do phospholipids do
they do not repel water their heads dissolve in water while the tails repel water
73
why do their hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions make phospholipids ideal for forming cell membranes
if the whole membrane were water soluble, water would rush right into the cell if the entire membrane were to repel water, nothing dissolved in water would be able to cross the membrane so, they arrange themselves in a double layer with the hydrophilic heads facing the water on both dies and the hydrophobic tails facing each other and preventing water from rushing into and out of the cell
74
what is an example of a lipid
a steriod
75
what is the structure of steroids
three 6 carbon rings and 1 carbon ring they all have the same structure, 4 rings fused together
76
what are steroids made from
cholesterol and most are sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen
77
are steroids polar or nonpolar
nonpolar
78
what are proteins composed of
multiple amino acids (amino acid polymers)
79
how are amino acids determined?
they are determined trough DNA processes with transcription and translation
80
what are amino acids
composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, a carboxyl group, and a functional group, or R group (20 R groups or 20 different amino acids)
81
what do the r groups give to amino acids
different properties (ex: polar vs. nonpolar)
82
what are the different levels of protein structure
primary, secondary, and tertiary
83
all proteins have....
primary, secondary, and tertiary structure
84
what is a primary structure
the actual order of amino acids
85
what is a secondary structure
refers to every little coil or fold, or helix all over the protein
86
what is a tertiary structure
refers to the overall 3D shape of protein. a proteins tertiary structure IS its function
87
what can happen to proteins if the bonds between amino acids and peptides can be weak?
they have be dentured
88
what happens when a protein is dentured
it basically unfolds and its tertiary structure is destroyed
89
what is a nucleotide
composed of 5 carbon sugar, one or more phosphate groups and a nitrogenous base
90
what two categories do nitrogenous bases fall into
pyrimidine (one carbon ring) and purine (two carbon rings)
91
what nitrgenous base are included in pyrimidine
cytosine and thymine
92
what nitrgenous base are included in purine
guanine and adenine
93
which of TCGA forms bonds with eachother
G with C and T with A
94
Carbohydates can be either _____ or ______
deoxyribose or ribose
95
what are the four "letters" in RNA
G, A, C, U (no T)
96
what are the differences between DNA and RNA
DNA has thymine while RNA has uracil RNA has the 5-carbon sugar in DNA, sugar is deoxyribose in RNA, sugar is ribose
97
what is a gene
a gene is a length of DNA that codes for a specific protein chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins
98
what is transcription and where does it occur
converting DNA to RNA; occurs in the nucleus
99
what is translation and where does it occur
RNA to proteins; occurs in the cytoplasm
100
what informtaion is stored in DNA
a set of instructions for how to build proteins
101
what are the steps for transcription
1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter 2. RNA polymerase then unzips DNA, separates double helix 3. Free ribonucleotides bind complementary base don DNA sense strand 4. RNA polymerase moves down DNA. new RNA molecule is synthesized 5. Product: pre-mRNA trasncript
102
what did the human genome project reveal
that most of the DNA of humans does not encode mRNAs or any other RNAs appear to serve no purpose whatsoever in our life cyle
103
genes account for ~___% of human chromosomal DNA
98.5
104
About __% of our DNA is pretty identical from one person to another
1.5
105
what happens during post transcriptional processing
pre-mRNA -> mRNA 1. Introns are removed 2. CAP is added to 5' of pre-mRNA 3. poly-A tail is added to 3' end of pre-mRNA
106
what are pre-mRNA transcripts made of?
intron and exons
107
what are introns and exons
introns are junk and exons are the actual doing information. exons are allowed to exit while introns are just removed bc they are stupid
108
what are the three types of RNA
mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
109
what is mRNA
messenger RNA; carries genetic code out of nucleus; made of codons, a codon consists of 3 nucleotides in a row
110
what is rRNA
ribosomal RNA: forms RNA component of robosome, allows protein assembly
111
what is tRNA
transfer RNA; allows protein assembly; does the job of reading the mRNA and bringing the correct amino acids to build the proteins during translation anticodons found here. each anticodon recognizes and binds toa specific codon in the mRNA
112
how many possible codons are there
64
113
what is the start codon
AUG; it codes for the amino acid Methionine
114
what are the stop codons
UGA, UAG, UAA are stop codons; they do not code for the addition of an amino and they only signal for the translation to stop
115
how many amino acids are in the following? ACCUACCAUGGGCCCUUAAA
3
116
steps of translation
1. initiation: tRNA, ribosome, and mRNA come together 2. Peptide bond forms between amino acids 3. tRNA at P site is released; tRNA at A site moves into P site and Another tRNA moves into now empty A site 4. peptide bond forms between amino acids

BIOL 2160 (3 decks)

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