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Biology Paper 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water from an area of low to high concentration through a partially permeable membrane

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2
Q

What is active transport

A
  • substance moving from an area of low to high concentration
  • against concentration gradient
  • requires energy
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3
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of substances from high to low concentration

does not require energy

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4
Q

Explain diffusion in the lungs

A 
CO2= high concentration in blood, low in alveolus 
Oxygen= high concentration in alveolus, low in blood
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5
Q

Factors that effect the rate of diffusion (3)

A
  • concentration gradient =larger the difference, quicker the rate
  • temperature= when higher, more kinetic energy, particles will move faster
  • surface area of cell membrane= larger surface area, quicker diffusion
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6
Q

Surface area to volume ratio of bacterium

A

6000000:1

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7
Q

How cacti adapt to reduce water loss

A

Reduce surface area

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8
Q

Explain osmosis in living cells

A
  • cells contain dilute (low concentration of and therefore high concentration of water) of ions, sugars and amino acids
  • cell membrane is partially permeable
  • water moves through it through osmosis
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9
Q

Explain osmosis in root hair cells in plants

A
  • when soil is damp/wet root hair cells increase surface area and take up water by osmosis
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10
Q

Water uptake by plant over 1 hour

A

Change in mass x 60 minutes/ time measured

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11
Q

Size of animal +plant cells

A

Animal= 0.01-0.05mm

Plant=0.01-0.1mm

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12
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnification=image size/ real object size

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13
Q

Difference between mm, μm (micrometers) and nm (nanometers)

A 
1mm=1000 μm= 1,000,000nm
In meters in standard form=
mm =1x10^-3
μm = 1x10^-6
nm= 1x10^-9
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14
Q

Investigating cells with a light microscope

A
  1. rotate objective lense in line with stage on low power
  2. turn coarse focus knob so objective lense in close to stage
  3. place slide on the centre of the stage
  4. adjust the focus using the coarse focus so you can see
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15
Q

Difference between low and high power diagrams

A 
low = to show the arrangement of tissue, wether it is uniform 
high = to show a single cell and it’s components e.g. vacuole, chloroplasts
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16
Q

Difference in light and electron microscopes

A

Light is visible until about 200nm, whereas electron is visible until less than 1

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17
Q

Basic structure of animal cells

A
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
  • cell membrane
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18
Q

Function of in animal cells: Cytoplasm

A
  • jelly like material
  • contains nutrients, salts and organelles
  • the site of many chemical reactions
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19
Q

Function of in animal cells: Nucleus

A
  • contains genetic material like DNA

- controls the cells activity

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20
Q

Function of in animal cells: Cell membrane

A

-controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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21
Q

Function of in animal cells: Mitochondria

A
  • contain enzymes for respiration

- were most energy is released in respiration

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22
Q

Function of in animal cells: Ribosomes

A

Were protein synthesis occurs

23
Q

Basic structure of a plant cell

A
  • cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cell membrane
  • vacuole
  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts
24
Q

Structures in both animal and plant cells

A

Cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, cell membrane, mitochondria

25
Q

Structures only in plant cells

A

Chloroplasts, cell walls and permanent vacuole (animals sometimes have temporary ones)

26
Q

Function in plant cells: Chloroplasts

A

-contain the green pigment chlorophyll

-absorbs light energy from photosynthesis

27
Q

Function in plant cells: Cell wall

A

Strengthens the cell and supports the plant

28
Q

Function in plant cells: permanent vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap to keep cell turgid

29
Q

Order of magnitude

A

Difference in size by ten times

30
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells : size

A

E= 5-100 micrometers

P=0.2-2 micrometers

31
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells : outer layer of cell

A

Cell membrane surrounded by cell wall except in animal cells (are eukaryotic)

32
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells : contents

A

E= cytoplasm , mitochondria, chloroplasts (plants) and ribosomes
P=cytoplasm, ribosomes

33
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells : genetic material

A

E= DNA in nucleus

P=single molecule free in cytoplasm, addition in one or more rings called plasmids

34
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells : cell division

A 
E= mitosis
P= binary fission
35
Q

Animal cells adaptation : sperm

A
  • head contains genetic material for fertilisation
  • acrosome contains enzymes to penetrate egg
  • tail to swim
  • mitochondria for energy
36
Q

Animal cells adaptation : nerve

A
  • extensions and branches to communicate with other nerve cells, glands and muscles
  • fatty sheath for insulation and speed up nerve impulse
37
Q

Animal cells adaptation : muscle

A
  • filaments of protein for muscle contraction

- contain well developed mitochondria for energy for muscle contractions

38
Q

Plant cells adaptation : root hair cells

A
  • large surface area for contact with soil water

- thin walls for easy movement of water

39
Q

Plant cells adaptation : xylem

A
  • no top and bottom walls for continuous movement of water

- thickened with lignin to support and strengthen plant

40
Q

Plant cells adaptation : phloem

A

-companion cells provide energy for transport of substances

41
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • females have two XX
  • males have XY
  • made of DNA, codes characteristics of an organism
42
Q

Cell cycle

A

Cell growth = DNA synthesis = further growth, DNA checked for errors= Mitosis= cytoplasm separates, 2 cells formed= temporary cell rest period, stops dividing

43
Q

Mitosis

A
  • cell begins to divide
  • DNA replicates, forms 2 copies of each chromosome
  • nuclear membrane breaks down, chromosomes line in the centre of the cell
  • nucleus divides
  • two daughter cells are made
44
Q

Stem cells definition

A

Cells that haven’t differentiated and are not specialised

45
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Once removed from embryo can specialise into any cell type

46
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Found in = brain,eyes,blood,heart,liver,bone marrow,skin and muscle
Can differentiate into related cell types only
e.g. bone marrow = blood cells and immune system cells

47
Q

Meristem

A

Region in plant shoots and roots where cells are dividing, undergoing mitosis

48
Q

Stem cells in plants

A

Cells of meristem can differentiate and produce all types of plant cell sat any time

49
Q

Plant cloning

A

Meristem cells removed from plant and grown by dividing into identical plants

50
Q

Uses for human stem cells by replacing damaged and destroyed cells

A
  • type 1 diabetes
  • paralysis
  • spinal or brain injury
51
Q

Thereputic cloning

A

To produce stem cells with the same genetic material as the patient by transferring the nucleus of a cell from the patient into an egg cell from a donor to create stem cells from the embryo.

52
Q

Issues surrounding using stem cells in medicine

A
  • no guarantees of the success
  • difficult to find stem cell donors
  • difficult to obtain and store patients embryonic stem cells
  • cultured stem cells could be contaminated with viruses
53
Q

Ethical and social issues with stem cells in medicine

A

-embryo could technically develop into a person

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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