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GCSE Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells.

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler e.g bacteria

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3
Q

What is the nucleas?

A

it contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen and it contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions

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5
Q

What is the cell membrame?

A

holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out and is partially permeable

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6
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

these are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place

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7
Q

What are the ribosomes?

A

these are where proteins are made in the cell

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8
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

a rigid wall, made of cellulose, that supports and strengthens the cell

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9
Q

What is the vacoule?

A

contains a weak solution of sugars and salts

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10
Q

What are the chloroplasts?

A

these are where photosynthesis occurs, they contain chlorophyll which absorbs light needed for photosynthesis

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11
Q

What subcellular structure do animal cells have?

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrame, mitochondria and ribosomes

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12
Q

What subcellular strucutes do plant cells have?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrame, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts

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13
Q

What subcellular structues do bacteria/prokaryotes have?

A

Cytoplasm, cell membrame, cell wall, a single circular strand of DNA and plasmids

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14
Q

What equation is used to find magnification?

A

magnificiation = image size~real size

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15
Q

What are the differences between a light microscope and a an electron microscope?

A
  • Light microscopes use light and lenses to form an image whereas electron microscopes use electrons
  • Electron microscopes have a much higher resoloution than light microscopes
  • Electron microscopes have a higher resoloution than light microscopes
  • Electron microscopes are more expensive than light microscopes
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16
Q

What do light microscopes let us see?

A

indiviual cells and large subcellular structures like nuclei

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17
Q

What do electron microscopes let us see?

A

smaller subcellular structures like mitochondria, chloroplasts ane ribosomes

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18
Q

How many micrometers(um) are equivalent to one millimetres(mm)?

A

1000 as micrometres are 1000 times smaller than millimetres

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19
Q

What cells are undifferentiated?

A

stem cells

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20
Q

What is a sperm cell specialised for?

A

To transport the male dna to the female dna

21
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to it function?

A

It has a long tail and streamlined head to help it swim to the egg, theres are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide energy and it carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrame

22
Q

What is a nerve cell specialised for?

A

to carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another

23
Q

How is the nerve cell adapted to its function?

A

they are long(to cover more distance) and have branched connections at their ends to connectto other nerve cells and gorm a network

24
Q

What is a muscle cell specialised for?

A

to contract quickly

25
Q

How is a muscle cell adapted to its function?

A

the cells are long(so they have space to contract) and contain lots of mitochondria to generate energy

26
Q

What is a root hair cell specialised for?

A

to absorb water and minerals

27
Q

How is a root hair cell specialised for its function?

A

they have long hairs that stick out into the soul and these give the plants a large surface area

28
Q

What are the phloem and xylem cell specialised for?

A

Transporting substances such as food and water

29
Q

How are the phloem and xylem adapted to their function?

A

Xylem’s are hollow and phloem’s has very few sub cellular structures

30
Q

What is mitosis?

A

the stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides

31
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

for growth or replacing cells that have been damaged

32
Q

What needs to happen to a cell before mitosis can begin?

A

The cell has to grow and increase the amount of sub-cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes. It then duplicates its DNA-so there’s one copy of for each new cell. The DNA is copied and forms X-shaped chromosomes. Each arm of the chromosome is an exact duplicate of the other

33
Q

What are the events of mitosis

A
  • The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart, The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell
  • Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells- the nucleus has divided
  • Lastly, the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide.

The cell has now produced two new daughter cells which are genetically identical to each other and the parent cell

34
Q

What types of cells replicate by binary fission?

A

Prokaryotic Cells

35
Q

What are the four stages of binary fission?

A
  • The circular DNA abs plasmid(s) replicate
  • The cell gets bigger and the circular DNA strands move to opposite ‘poles’(ends) of the cell
  • The cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form
  • The cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced. Each daughter cell has one copy of the circular DNA, but can have a variable number of copies of the plasmid(s)
36
Q

Which two factors affect binary fission?

A

a warm environment and lots of nutrients

37
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells

38
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

bone marrow and embryos

39
Q

What’s the difference between embryonic stem cells and stem cells from bone marrow?

A

Embryonic stem cells can turn into any cell whereas stem cells from bone marrow can only turn into certain cells, such as blood cells

40
Q

What are some arguments for the use of stem cells?

A
  • can help cure diseases

* can help in the research of illnesses and diseases s

41
Q

What are some arguments against the use of stem cells?

A
  • can cause infection

* might be destroying potential human life

42
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

Meristems

43
Q

What are some advantages of using stem cells in plants?

A
  • They can help in the extinction of certain plants due to being undifferentiated
  • They can be used to grow plants with certain features, such as being disease resistant
44
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

45
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Temperature and the difference between the concentration gradients

46
Q

Why does a higher temperature increase diffusion rate?

A

Particles have more energy which makes them move around faster

47
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

48
Q

What is active transport?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration using energy

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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