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HL Biology > Cell Biology 1.1 Intro to Cells > Flashcards

Cell Biology 1.1 Intro to Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

State the contributions by Robert Hooke to the Cell Theory.

A

Robert Hooke coined the term ‘cell’ for structures in living organisms.
Robert Hooke also observed cork cells with a microscope he built himself.

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2
Q

Outline the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Mitosis gives genetically identical diploid daughter cells, whereas Meiosis gives haploid gamete cells.

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3
Q

State how to find the magnification, size of an image or actual specimen size.

A

Magnification = size of image / size of specimen

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4
Q

List the conversion from millimeters to micrometers and micrometers to nanometers

A

1mm=1,000 (micrometers)

1(micrometer)=1000 nm

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5
Q

Define induced pluripotent

A

When a differentiated cell can be reprogrammed to turn into stem-like states.

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6
Q

List the arguments against therapeutic cloning

A

6

  • involves creation & destruction of human embryos (when does life start?)
  • can develop into cancerous cells and cause tumors
  • excess embryos are killed
  • alternative technologies maybe able to fulfill similar roles
  • religion/moral objection “playing god” argument
  • creating human life to destroy it?
  • cloning of the first human (scary)
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7
Q

List the arguments for therapeutic cloning

A

5

  • cure serious disease/disabilities w/ cell therapy
  • less likely to be rejected
  • no death of another human
  • taken from embryos that would have died anyway (abortions)
  • taken at a stage when the embryo has no nervous system and has no pain
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8
Q

Draw the comparison of stem cell sources

A 
Embryo:  Cord Blood: Adult:
Ease of extraction:
- Excess embryos generated by IVF
- easily obtained & stored, limited quantities
- Difficult, buried deep in tissue
Ethics of extraction:
- obtained by destruction of embryo
- umbilical cord is removed and discarded, no matter what
- patient gives permission for extraction
Growth potential:
- almost unlimited
- reduced
- reduced
Tumor Risk:
- high
- low
- low
Differentiation:
- high
- limited
- very limited
Genetic Damage:
- less
- less
- high
Compatibility: 
- not identical to patient
- fully compatible
- fully compatible
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9
Q

Describe how a photosynthetic unicellular organism displays the functions of life.

A

A photosynthetic unicellular organism utilizes the 7 functions of life by: it’s metabolism happens in the cytoplasm,
their cilia have a wave action which moves it in response to changes in the environment,
their vacuoles fill up with water and are expelled through the plasmic membrane,
after consuming mass from food the organism grows until it is big enough for division,
it has asexual reproduction aka mitosis,
the plasma membrane controls the entry/exit of molecules for excretion,
and its chloroplasts produce nutrition through photosynthesis

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10
Q

Describe how a paramecium shows the functions of life.

A

A paramecium shows the functions of life by:
it’s metabolism happens in the cytoplasm,
their cilia have a wave action which moves it in response to changes in the environment,
their vacuole fills up with water and expel through the plasma membrane for homeostasis,
after consuming mass from mood the paramecium grows until it divides,
it’s plasma membrane controls the exit and entry of substances,
it’s reproduction is through mitosis and is often asexual,
and it gains food through it’s oral grooves of the food vacuoles.

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11
Q

State the exceptions to the cell theory?

A

Striated Muscle Cell

  • Multiple nuclei
  • very long

Aseptate fungal hyphae

  • very large
  • multiple nuclei
  • cytoplasm is continuous
  • no cell wall
  • cell walls are chitin

Giant Algae

  • gigantic
  • single nucleus
  • complex in form
  • only 1 cell
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12
Q

Describe the treatment for Stargardts Disease

A
  • Embryonic stem cells are used to differentiated into retinal cells. The retinal cells are injected into the retina. The injected cells attach to the retina and become functional retina cells. Central vision, therefore, improves because of the differentiated retinal cells.
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13
Q

Describe Stargardt’ Macular Dystrophy

A
  • Many affects children
  • recessive (inherited)
  • mutation causes an active transport protein on the photoreceptor cells to malfunction and degenerate, therefore it cannot perform any energy transport
  • progressive/ total loss of central vision
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14
Q

Define totipotent

A

differentiate into anything

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15
Q

Define pluripotent

A

Differentiate into many types

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16
Q

Define multipotent

A

differentiate into a few closely related cells

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17
Q

Define unipotent

A

only differentiate into associated cell types

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18
Q

Outline the importance of stem cells

A

Stem cells can differentiate into anything type of cell.

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19
Q

State the number of highly specialized cell types in a human being

A

220

20
Q

Outline when cell differentiation happens

A

When the fewer active gene make a cell more specialized

21
Q

Outline what happens to a cell when cell differentiation occurs

A

A cells metabolism and shape changes to carry out the function of it’s speciality

22
Q

Define euchromatin

A

Where active genes are stored accessibly

23
Q

Define heterochromatin

A

Inactive genes are packaged condesly

24
Q

State if all genes can be expressed in a diploid cell

A

NO

25
Q

Outline when the whole genome is active

A

in totipotent embryonic stem cells

26
Q

List the order of formation from cell to organism

A 
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
27
Q

Define an emergent property (and give an example)

A

An emergent property is something that arises from the interaction of parts.
-Light bulb, microwave

*The more complex the more functions arise

28
Q

Describe how multicellular organisms take advantage of emergent properties

A

They have more cells and so the interactions of all these cells produces new functions

29
Q

Outline what a cells volume is

A

Rate of metabolism

30
Q

Outline what a cells surface area is

A

Rate of material exchange in and out of a cell

31
Q

Describe when a high ratio of sa:vol is bad

A

If the vol. is higher than it’s SA, the cell will die.
Small warm blooded animals lose heat quickly and need to eat constantly (they have a high SA:Vol ratio
Desert plants need to minimize SA:Vol ratio to conserve water (would lose water v quickly if not)

32
Q

List how a cell maximizes SA: Vol ratio

A
  • cells divide (2 is better than 1)
  • compartmentalize (organelles)
  • organelles made of membranes
  • organs fold up
  • things like alveoli and root hairs
33
Q

Define metabolism (FoL)

A

Enzyme - catalyzed reactions in a cell

34
Q

Define response (FoL)

A

Living things respond/interact w/ environment

35
Q

Define homeostasis (FoL)

A

regulation of internal cell conditions

36
Q

Define growth (FoL)

A

Grow, change size/shape

37
Q

Define excretion (FoL)

A

Removal of metabolic waste

38
Q

Define reproduction (FoL)

A

Produce offspring, sexually or asexually

39
Q

Define nutrition (FoL)

A

Feeding by synthesis of organic molecules (photosynthesis) or absorption of organic matter

40
Q

State the functions of life

A 
Metabolism
Reproduction
Homeostasis
Growth
Excretion
Response
Nutrition
41
Q

State a way to remember the functions of life (FoL)

A

MR H. GREN

42
Q

State what all cells have in common

A
  • surrounded by a membrane
  • contains genetic material
  • activities are chemical reactions, catalyzed by enzymes
  • have own energy release system, powers activities
43
Q

Define the term scientific theory

A

A way of interpreting the natural world, helps make predictions

44
Q

State when a scientific theory is discarded

A

When a discrepancy is so large/common that is makes the prediction unreliable

45
Q

State what the 3 beliefs of the Cell Theory are

A

All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
cells are the smallest unit of life
all cells come from pre-existing cells

HL Biology (2 decks)

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