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Anatomy Midterm > Cell Bio Midterm > Flashcards

Cell Bio Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Micrometer

A

um

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2
Q

Nanometer

A

nm

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3
Q

Prokaryote

A

Unicellular, lacks membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle

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4
Q

Eukaryote

A

Large, complex. cells have nucleus enclosed within membranes

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5
Q

7 rules of cell

A
  • 1) All organism are comprised of one or more cells.
  • 2) All cells contain plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material.
  • 3) All cells store their heredity information in the same linear code (DNA).
  • 4) All cells require energy to maintain and sustain life. Energy comes from nutrients
  • 5) All cells can sense change in their surroundings and make appropriate changes.
  • 6) Cells are highly complex and organized.
  • 7) All cells come from pre-existing cells. (mitosis/meiosis)
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6
Q

Carbon

A

most important biological molecule. can create diverse array of compounds, most commonly forms bonds with oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S)

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7
Q

Covalent bond

A

bond between two atoms to increase their stability. each covalent bond has 2 electrons

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8
Q

4 classes of macromolecules

A

Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid

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9
Q

Monomer

A

basic subunit, join together to form polymers (building blocks for macromolecules)

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10
Q

Process of polymerization

A

Hydroxyl group + hydrogen group. results in H20 per bond

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11
Q

Carbohydrate monomer

A

monosaccharide

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12
Q

Carb polymer

A

polysaccharide

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13
Q

Protein monomer

A

amino acid

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14
Q

Protein polymer

A

polypeptide chain

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15
Q

nucleid acid monomer

A

nucleotide (RNA)

deoxynucleotide (DNA)

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16
Q

nucleic acid polymer

A 
nucleic acid (RNA)
deoxynucleic acid (DNA)
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17
Q

lipid monomer

A

glycerol + fatty acids

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18
Q

Lipid polymer

A

lipids

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19
Q

Carbohydrate: general formula

A

Cm(H20)n or Cm H2n On

m= # of carbons
n=# of oxygen
#H = 2x # of oxygen

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20
Q

Maltose bond

A

(alpha) 1,4 glycosidic bond

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21
Q

Lactose bond

A

(beta) 1,4 glycosidic bond

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22
Q

Examples of polysaccarides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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23
Q

Where do humans store carb energy?

A

Liver and muscles in form of glycogen

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24
Q

Breaking bonds (storage of energy to usage of energy)

A

Hydrolysis

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25
Q

Creating bonds

A

condensation

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26
Q

covalent bond for carbs

A

glycosidic bond

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27
Q

Components in amino acids

A

Alpha carbon, hydrogen atom, amino group, carboxylic acid, amino acid side chain or “R group”

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28
Q

R group does not…

A

participate in creating peptide bonds

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29
Q

covalent bond for amino acids/proteins

A

peptide bond

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30
Q

3 groups of amino acids

A

a) Non-polar (hydrophobic)
b) Polar (uncharged)(hydrophilic)
c) Polar (charged)(hydrophilic)

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31
Q

Polypeptide polymerization

A

Amino terminus (N-terminus) to carboxyl terminus (C-terminus)

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32
Q

What do polypeptides need to do to become proteins

A

be folded

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33
Q

3 traits of proteins

A

1) all proteins adopt AT LEAST two stable 3D shapes
2) all proteins bind to at least one molecular target
3) all proteins perform at least one cellular function

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34
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A

1) Primary: linear sequence of amino acids, covalent peptide bonds
2) Secondary: initial folding of polypeptides. alpha-helix and/or beta-sheet
3) Tertiary: 3D shape of protein, functional for monomeric, not function for dimeric or multimeric
4) Quaternary: Applies only to >monomeric (di & multimeric become functional)

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35
Q

Disulfide bond

A

formed by cysteine side chains which contain SH (sulfhydryl group)

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36
Q

Ionic bond

A

attraction or repulsion due to charge (+/- attract)

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37
Q

Ionic bond strength/weakness

A

S: bring together over great distances
W: pH dependent

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38
Q

Van der Waals interaction

A

form between 2 atoms that have some charge or polarity

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39
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

tendency of hydrophobic molecules to be excluded from interactions with water

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40
Q

Functional protein structure form during…

A

tertiary and quaternary structure levels

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41
Q

DNA & RNA functions

A

DNA: storing genetic info
RNA: transmit and express genetic info

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42
Q

5 carbon sugar (ribose sugar) + nitrogenous base =

A

deoxynucleoside

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43
Q

deoxynucleoside + phosphate =

A

deoxynucleotide (monomer of DNA)

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44
Q

DNA bases

A

Purines: adenine (A), guanine (G)
Pyrimidines: thymine (T), cytosine (C)

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45
Q

Deoxynucleotides have…

A

1 to 3 phophates attached to the ribose sugar

1) monophosphate
2) disphosphate
3) triphosphate

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46
Q

To get deoxyribonucleotide (monomer) into a deoxyribonucleic acid (polymer) another…

A

condensation reaction is needed between “P group” & ribose 3’ Carbon Hydroxyl group

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47
Q

Absence of _____ at _____ of ribose sugar allows _____

A

O atom, 2’ carbon, double helix

48
Q

2 major differences between deoxynucleotides (DNA) & nucleotides (RNA)

A

Sugar and bases

49
Q

RNA bases

A

Purines:adenine (A), guanine (G)
Pyrimidines: Uracil (U), cytosine (C)

50
Q

4 subtypes of RNA

A
  • 1) messenger RNA (mRNA) **
  • 2) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) **
  • 3) transfer RNA (tRNA) **
  • 4) microRNA (miRNA)
    • are involved in protein synthesis
51
Q

mRNA

A

serves as messenger between DNA and ribosomes for protein synthesis

52
Q

rRNA

A

component of a ribosomes which is essentail for protein synthesis, responsible for reading order and linking amino acids

53
Q

tRNA

A

brings amino acids to ribosome for proteins synthesis

54
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A
  • caused by mutations or errors in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene which results in
  • 1) no CFTR protein being mande
  • 2) malformed CFTR protein
55
Q

3 functions of lipids

A

1) energy storage
2) membrane stucture
3) specific biological functions

56
Q

fatty acid

A

long unbranched chain of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group at one end.

57
Q

Typical fatty acid size

A

12-20 carbon atoms per chain

58
Q

Triglycerides

A

composed of 1 glycerol + fatty acids, linked by ester bonds

59
Q

phospholipid backbone

A

phosphoglycerate (glycerol + phosphate)

60
Q

phosphoester bond

A

bond between a phosphorous atom of a phosphate group and an oxygen atom

61
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

fatty acid side chains are straight, decrease membrane fluidity

62
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acid double bonds create kinks, increase membrane fluidity

63
Q

Glycolipids

A

carbohydate groups attached to lipids forming glycolipids

function: communication and sensing of events external to cells

64
Q

Steroids

A

4 ring hydrocarbon skeleton

most common form is cholesterol

65
Q

functions of cholesterol

A

imporatnt component of cell membranes, acts as signaling molecule, building block for sex hormones & glucocoticoids

66
Q

Size conversions (MEMORIZE!)

A

m (1), cm (10^2), mm (10^3), um (10^6), nm (10^9)

67
Q

How many bonds can hydrogen form

A

1 bond

68
Q

How many bonds can carbon form

A

4 bonds

69
Q

How many bonds can nitrogen form

A

3 bonds

70
Q

How many bonds can oxygen form

A

2 bonds

71
Q

bond energy

A

amount of energy to break bond with carbon is inversely proportional to weight of atoms

72
Q

Cohesion of water

A

definition: ability of water molecules to stick to themselves

73
Q

Exocytosis

A

exiting cell: secrete waste, proteins, neurotransmitters

74
Q

Endocytosis

A

bring into cell: phagocytosis, pinocytosis

75
Q

Mitochondria function

A

aerobic respiration (32 ATP), requires oxygen

76
Q

Ribosome type and function

A

1) free floating in cytosol
2) bound to ER
function: to build polypeptide chains and read mRNA

77
Q

3 organelles in the endomembrane system and function

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes & secretory vesicles
primary function: protein synthesis, folding & transport

78
Q

Rough ER

A

dots = ribosomes

polypeptide synthesis

79
Q

Smooth ER

A

no dots = no ribosomes
no role in protein synthesis
produce lipids/steroid, detox drugs

80
Q

Rough ER 4 steps

A
  • 1) Ribosome making protein/polypeptide chain
  • 2) binds to receptor
  • 3) membrane pore opens
  • 4) Protein is finished being built and deposited into lumen of RER
81
Q

9 steps of vesicle-mediated transport

A

1) cargo selection
2) budding
3) scission
4) uncoating
5) transport
6) tethering
7) docking
8) fusion
9) disassembly

82
Q

Golgi apparatus definition and function

A

stack of flattened vesicles (cisternae)

processing and packaging proteins, “post office” of the cell

83
Q

2 networks within the golgi

A

1) cis-golgi network: closest to nucleus, receives proteins and lipids from ER
2) trans-golgi network: furthest from nucleus, sorts proteins exiting golgi apparatus

84
Q

Coat proteins

A

1) clatherin - endocytosis
2) COP II - vesicles from ER to Golgi
3) COP I - vesicles from Golgi to ER

85
Q

Endosome

A

sorting compoartments

86
Q

Early endosomes

A

Derived from vesicles originated from the plasma membrane

  • fuse with vesicles from TGN to create new early endosomes or with preexisitng early endosomes
  • drop in pH dissociate the proteins from their receptors
87
Q

when pH of endosomes drops below ____, it is now a _________

A

6.0, late endosome

88
Q

Lysosome

A

point of no return

late endosome matures to a lysosome when pH reaches 5.0

89
Q

____ make up 50% of weight of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids

90
Q

Head of a phospholipid is….

A

made up of a glycerol backbone + phosphate and “head group”

91
Q

Glycolipids

A

cell-to-cell interactions

92
Q

Sterols

A

stability

93
Q

2 key models of plasma memrbane

A

1) Fluid-mosaic model

  • lateral mobility
  • mosaic proteins

2) lipid raft
- different composition than rest of membrane due to high concentration of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids

94
Q

4 subtypes of integral membrane protein

A

integral monotopic protein, singlepass protein, multipass protein, multi-subunit protein

95
Q

Peripheral membrane protein

A

do not penetrate cell membrane, bound to surface of plasma membrane by electrostatic forces

96
Q

Lipid anchored membrane protein

A

one sided, bonded to lipid layer

97
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A
  • receptors
  • transport
  • endocytosis and exocytosis
  • authophagy
  • enzymes
  • electron transport proteins
  • anchors
98
Q

membrane proteins are important in _____ of _____ because the plasma membrane is _______

A

movement, solutes, selectively permeable

99
Q

Signal transduction

A

external stimulus can result in changes within the cell

100
Q

Simple diffusion definition

A

unassisted movement of a solute from high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient)

ex. gases, non-polar molecules, small polar molecules
* slow process

101
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

move down the concentration gradient towards equilibrium through the usage of transmembrane proteins

102
Q

Channel proteins

A
  • create a hydrophilic channel

- 2 types: pores and ion channels

103
Q

Ion channels

A

Movement of ions and water
strengths: move specific ions, very fast
many are gated

104
Q

Porins

A

within animals cells: mitochondria

movement of hydrophilic solutes

105
Q

aquaporins

A

movement of water, highly expressed in kidneys

106
Q

active transport definition

A

movement of ions and/or molecules across a cell membrain against the concentration gradient

107
Q

Active transport key roles in cell include…

A
  • maintenance of membrane potential
  • uptake of essential nutrients
  • waste removal
  • Maintain non-equilibrium of substances
108
Q

active transport results in a _____ membrane potential (range ____mV to ____mV)

A

negative, -20, 100

109
Q

Primary active transport

A

DIRECT use of energy to move molecules across membrane against their concentration gradient
ex. sodium-potassium pump

110
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses the electrochemical gradient generated elsewhere from active transport as an energy sourse to move molecules against their concentration gradient
INDRECT use of energy

111
Q

two types of secondary active transport

A

1) symport

2) antiport

112
Q

Carb:

monomer, polymer, bond

A

monosaccharide
polysaccharide
glycosidic

113
Q

Protein:

monomer, polymer, bond

A

amino acids
polypeptides
peptide bond

114
Q

Nucleic acid:

monomer, polymer, bond

A

nucleotide
nucleic acid
phosphoester bond

115
Q

Lipids:

monomer, polymer, bond

A

Fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate
triglyceride, phospholipids, etc.
ester & phosphoester bond

Anatomy Midterm (4 decks)

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