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BIOL 288 > Cell Bio Final > Flashcards

Cell Bio Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is histochemistry

A

Adding dye to cells in order to see them

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2
Q

What is immunohistochemistry

A

Addition of primary antibody against a specific protein
Adding a second antibody with fluorescent dye to attach to primary
Microscope UV to see, 1 colour at a time

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3
Q

Prokaryotes:

A

Bacteria
Archaea

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4
Q

Bacteria:

A

Extremophiles- hydrothermal vents
Can generate energy using photosynthesis
First living organisms
Can live without oxygen or light

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5
Q

Oxygen Crisis Event

A

Started making oxygen as a byproduct -> increase oxygen in air -> killed everything/ 1st extinction event.

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Info storage

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generate useable energy from food
Has own DNA
From Mother

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A

generate energy from sunlight

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9
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

directed cell movements
Maintain Shape
Attach to other cells
Cell division
Phagocytosis

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10
Q

Intracellular compartments

A

Golgi Apparatus
Neurotransmitter vesicles

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters:

A

Exocytosis: bind to membrane and is released
Endocytosis: brings from the exterior into the cell with a vesicle

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12
Q

Cytosol

A

Concentration of proteins, these maintain gradients and allow for movement through cells

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13
Q

HELA cells

A

From cervical tumor, grow in a dish, used and grown all over (1000lbs of cells).
Immortalization-> cells divide forever

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14
Q

Hayflick Limit

A

state where cell can no longer divide or do anything

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15
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

Food is eaten, creates useful forms of energy and building blocks for biosynthesis (loses heat in process)

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16
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

Uses energy and building blocks from catabolic pathways to synthesize molecules that form cells

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17
Q

Photosynthesis

A

CO2+H2O=O2 +sugar
with energy from sunlight

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18
Q

Cellular respiration

A

sugar +O2=CO2+H2O
output: Useful chemical bond energy

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19
Q

Oxidation

A

Lose Electron
Create Energy
Anode

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20
Q

Reduction

A

Gain Electron
Cathode

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21
Q

Catalyst

A

lower activation energy
aligns molecules to speed up reactions

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22
Q

Reaction Coupling

A

Energetically favourable reactions couple with energetically unfavorable reactions in order for them to happen

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23
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

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24
Q

Stop Codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

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25
tRNA
clover leaf anticodon region- complementary to codon 3' end- adds amino acid that corresponds to specific tRNA
26
Steps of Translation With tRNA (4)
Step 1- Site A: Newly bound charged tRNA Step 2- Link of peptides bonds to the new peptide on site A Step 3- large subunit of ribosome translocates and tRNA from site A moves down to site P and site P moves to site E Step 4- E site tRNA is ejected Repeat
27
Reverse Transcriptase PCR
Lyse cell and isolate RNA fragments Use Reverse transcriptase and random primers to change to DNA Create a primer to isolate the gene of interest: primer for gene want to amplify Use Taq polymerase to amplify -Use RT PCR to not have copy of DNA, want mRNA-
28
Positively charge Amino acids
Histidine His H Arginine Arg R Lysine Lys K
29
Negatively Charged Amino Acids
Aspartic acid Asp D Glutamic acid Glu E
30
Uncharged Polar Amino Acids
Serine Ser S Threonine Thr T Asparagine Asn N Glutamine Gln Q Tyrosine Tyr Y
31
Non-Polar Uncharged Amino Acids
Alanine Ala A Cysteine Cys C Glycine Gly G Isoleucine Ile I Leucine Leu L Methionine Met M Phenylalanine Phe F Proline Pro P Tryptophan Trp W Valine Val V
32
Binding forces in Proteins
Electrostatic (- and +) -Strong Hydrogen Bonds -weaker Van der Waals attractions - weakest
33
Na+/K+ Pump Steps (6)
1)Na+ binds 2)phosphorylation of pump, hydrolyzes ATP 3)Conformational change , Na+ is ejected 4)K+ binds 5) pump dephosphorylates 6) returns to original conformation, K+ is ejected
34
Driving Force
DF=Vm-Eion size and direction (magnitude) - = into cell + = out of cell
35
Nernst Equation
Equilibrium potential for ion: RT/ZF ln(Io/Ii) R=gas constant = 8.314 T= temp in K , 0C =273K Z valance of ion (K+=1, Na+ =1, Cl-=1, Ca2+=2) F= Faradays constant= 96500 c/mol
36
Mechano Gated ion channel
physical manipulation touch pressure hearing
37
Ligand ion channel
2nd largest group ligand receptor interaction Ionotropic or metabotropic
38
Ionotropic ion channel
Ligand physically interacts with receptor
39
Metabotropic ion channel
Binds with receptor and second messenger moves along membrane and causes channel to open
40
Glycolysis Step 1
Glucose -> hexokinase-> glucose-6-phosphate
41
Glycolysis Step 2
glucose-6-phosphate-> phosphoglucose isomerase -> fructose-6-phosphate
42
Glycolysis Step 3
fructose-6-phosphate -> phosphofructokinase -> fructose 1,6 -bisphosphate
43
Glycolysis Step 4
fructose 1,6 -bisphosphate -> aldolase -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate
44
Glycolysis Step 5
dihydroxyacetone phosphate -> triose phosphate isomerase -> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
45
Glycolysis Step 6
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate -> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase -> 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
46
Glycolysis Step 7
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate -> phosphoglycerate kinase -> 3-phosphoglycerate
47
Glycolysis Step 8
3-phosphoglycerate -> phosphoglycerate mutase -> 2-phosphoglycerate
48
Glycolysis Step 9
2-phosphoglycerate -> enolase -> phosphoenolpyruvate
49
Glycolysis Step 10
phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate kinase -> pyruvate
50
Net Results of Glycolysis
1 molecule of glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP, 2 NADH
51
CAC Step 1
acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate -> citrate synthase ->intermediate -> citrate
52
CAC Step 2
citrate -> aconitase -> isocitrate
53
CAC Step 3
Isocitrate -> isocitrate dehydrogenase -> a-ketoglutarate
54
CAC Step 4
a-ketoglutarate -> a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex -> succinyl CoA
55
CAC Step 5
succinyl CoA -> succinyl CoA synthetase -> succinate + HS-CoA
56
CAC Step 6
succinate -> succinate dehydrogenase -> fumarate
57
CAC Step 7
fumarate -> fumarase -> malate
58
CAC Step 8
malate -> malate dehydrogenase -> oxaloacetate
59
Signaling Pathway Negative Feedback
Insulin, sugar, calcium
60
Signaling Pathway Positive Feedback
No turning off of anything, only amplifies Labour
61
Signaling Pathways 3 Main Classes
Ion channels- ligand receptors, metabotropic G-Protein coupled receptors Enzyme coupled receptors - kinases
62
Gluconeogenesis
creates sugar/ reverses glycolysis when glucose needed at step 3
63
Immortalized Cells
obtained from cancers, continually divide
64
Octamer Histone Binding Proteins
H1- allows for DNA to bind/assist in binding DNA H2A- looks for sequences to bind to and free double stranded DNA H2B- key to gene expression, binds and stops expression of genes H3- Tail that allows or doesn't allow expression via methylation of acetylation H4- same as H3 and both are main structure of histone
65
Types of Stem Cells
Totipotent- can develop into anything/individual Pluripotent- each cell can be any cell type Multipotent- number of tissue types
66
RNA Polymerase Sigma
Sigma reduces affinity for non-specific DNA and increases specificity for promoters
67
Western Blot
Separate multiple proteins by molecular weight through gel electrophoresis
68
Membrane Curvature
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic portions Transmembrane proteins Bar domains

BIOL 288 (4 decks)

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