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BIOL 288 > Cell Bio Final > Flashcards

Cell Bio Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is histochemistry

A

Adding dye to cells in order to see them

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2
Q

What is immunohistochemistry

A

Addition of primary antibody against a specific protein
Adding a second antibody with fluorescent dye to attach to primary
Microscope UV to see, 1 colour at a time

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3
Q

Prokaryotes:

A

Bacteria
Archaea

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4
Q

Bacteria:

A

Extremophiles- hydrothermal vents
Can generate energy using photosynthesis
First living organisms
Can live without oxygen or light

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5
Q

Oxygen Crisis Event

A

Started making oxygen as a byproduct -> increase oxygen in air -> killed everything/ 1st extinction event.

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Info storage

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generate useable energy from food
Has own DNA
From Mother

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A

generate energy from sunlight

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9
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

directed cell movements
Maintain Shape
Attach to other cells
Cell division
Phagocytosis

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10
Q

Intracellular compartments

A

Golgi Apparatus
Neurotransmitter vesicles

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters:

A

Exocytosis: bind to membrane and is released
Endocytosis: brings from the exterior into the cell with a vesicle

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12
Q

Cytosol

A

Concentration of proteins, these maintain gradients and allow for movement through cells

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13
Q

HELA cells

A

From cervical tumor, grow in a dish, used and grown all over (1000lbs of cells).
Immortalization-> cells divide forever

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14
Q

Hayflick Limit

A

state where cell can no longer divide or do anything

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15
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

Food is eaten, creates useful forms of energy and building blocks for biosynthesis (loses heat in process)

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16
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

Uses energy and building blocks from catabolic pathways to synthesize molecules that form cells

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17
Q

Photosynthesis

A

CO2+H2O=O2 +sugar
with energy from sunlight

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18
Q

Cellular respiration

A

sugar +O2=CO2+H2O
output: Useful chemical bond energy

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19
Q

Oxidation

A

Lose Electron
Create Energy
Anode

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20
Q

Reduction

A

Gain Electron
Cathode

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21
Q

Catalyst

A

lower activation energy
aligns molecules to speed up reactions

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22
Q

Reaction Coupling

A

Energetically favourable reactions couple with energetically unfavorable reactions in order for them to happen

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23
Q

Start Codon

A

AUG

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24
Q

Stop Codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

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25
Q

tRNA

A

clover leaf
anticodon region- complementary to codon
3’ end- adds amino acid that corresponds to specific tRNA

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26
Q

Steps of Translation With tRNA (4)

A

Step 1- Site A: Newly bound charged tRNA
Step 2- Link of peptides bonds to the new peptide on site A
Step 3- large subunit of ribosome translocates and tRNA from site A moves down to site P and site P moves to site E
Step 4- E site tRNA is ejected
Repeat

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27
Q

Reverse Transcriptase PCR

A

Lyse cell and isolate RNA fragments
Use Reverse transcriptase and random primers to change to DNA
Create a primer to isolate the gene of interest: primer for gene want to amplify
Use Taq polymerase to amplify
-Use RT PCR to not have copy of DNA, want mRNA-

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28
Q

Positively charge Amino acids

A

Histidine His H
Arginine Arg R
Lysine Lys K

29
Q

Negatively Charged Amino Acids

A

Aspartic acid Asp D
Glutamic acid Glu E

30
Q

Uncharged Polar Amino Acids

A

Serine Ser S
Threonine Thr T
Asparagine Asn N
Glutamine Gln Q
Tyrosine Tyr Y

31
Q

Non-Polar Uncharged Amino Acids

A

Alanine Ala A
Cysteine Cys C
Glycine Gly G
Isoleucine Ile I
Leucine Leu L
Methionine Met M
Phenylalanine Phe F
Proline Pro P
Tryptophan Trp W
Valine Val V

32
Q

Binding forces in Proteins

A

Electrostatic (- and +) -Strong
Hydrogen Bonds -weaker
Van der Waals attractions - weakest

33
Q

Na+/K+ Pump Steps (6)

A

1)Na+ binds
2)phosphorylation of pump, hydrolyzes ATP
3)Conformational change , Na+ is ejected
4)K+ binds
5) pump dephosphorylates
6) returns to original conformation, K+ is ejected

34
Q

Driving Force

A

DF=Vm-Eion
size and direction (magnitude)
- = into cell
+ = out of cell

35
Q

Nernst Equation

A

Equilibrium potential for ion:
RT/ZF ln(Io/Ii)
R=gas constant = 8.314
T= temp in K , 0C =273K
Z valance of ion (K+=1, Na+ =1, Cl-=1, Ca2+=2)
F= Faradays constant= 96500 c/mol

36
Q

Mechano Gated ion channel

A

physical manipulation
touch pressure
hearing

37
Q

Ligand ion channel

A

2nd largest group
ligand receptor interaction
Ionotropic or metabotropic

38
Q

Ionotropic ion channel

A

Ligand physically interacts with receptor

39
Q

Metabotropic ion channel

A

Binds with receptor and second messenger moves along membrane and causes channel to open

40
Q

Glycolysis Step 1

A

Glucose -> hexokinase-> glucose-6-phosphate

41
Q

Glycolysis Step 2

A

glucose-6-phosphate-> phosphoglucose isomerase -> fructose-6-phosphate

42
Q

Glycolysis Step 3

A

fructose-6-phosphate -> phosphofructokinase -> fructose 1,6 -bisphosphate

43
Q

Glycolysis Step 4

A

fructose 1,6 -bisphosphate -> aldolase -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate

44
Q

Glycolysis Step 5

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate -> triose phosphate isomerase -> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

45
Q

Glycolysis Step 6

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate -> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase -> 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

46
Q

Glycolysis Step 7

A

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate -> phosphoglycerate kinase -> 3-phosphoglycerate

47
Q

Glycolysis Step 8

A

3-phosphoglycerate -> phosphoglycerate mutase -> 2-phosphoglycerate

48
Q

Glycolysis Step 9

A

2-phosphoglycerate -> enolase -> phosphoenolpyruvate

49
Q

Glycolysis Step 10

A

phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate kinase -> pyruvate

50
Q

Net Results of Glycolysis

A

1 molecule of glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP, 2 NADH

51
Q

CAC Step 1

A

acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate -> citrate synthase ->intermediate -> citrate

52
Q

CAC Step 2

A

citrate -> aconitase -> isocitrate

53
Q

CAC Step 3

A

Isocitrate -> isocitrate dehydrogenase -> a-ketoglutarate

54
Q

CAC Step 4

A

a-ketoglutarate -> a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex -> succinyl CoA

55
Q

CAC Step 5

A

succinyl CoA -> succinyl CoA synthetase -> succinate + HS-CoA

56
Q

CAC Step 6

A

succinate -> succinate dehydrogenase -> fumarate

57
Q

CAC Step 7

A

fumarate -> fumarase -> malate

58
Q

CAC Step 8

A

malate -> malate dehydrogenase -> oxaloacetate

59
Q

Signaling Pathway Negative Feedback

A

Insulin, sugar, calcium

60
Q

Signaling Pathway Positive Feedback

A

No turning off of anything, only amplifies
Labour

61
Q

Signaling Pathways 3 Main Classes

A

Ion channels- ligand receptors, metabotropic
G-Protein coupled receptors
Enzyme coupled receptors - kinases

62
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

creates sugar/ reverses glycolysis when glucose needed at step 3

63
Q

Immortalized Cells

A

obtained from cancers, continually divide

64
Q

Octamer Histone Binding Proteins

A

H1- allows for DNA to bind/assist in binding DNA
H2A- looks for sequences to bind to and free double stranded DNA
H2B- key to gene expression, binds and stops expression of genes
H3- Tail that allows or doesn’t allow expression via methylation of acetylation
H4- same as H3 and both are main structure of histone

65
Q

Types of Stem Cells

A

Totipotent- can develop into anything/individual
Pluripotent- each cell can be any cell type
Multipotent- number of tissue types

66
Q

RNA Polymerase Sigma

A

Sigma reduces affinity for non-specific DNA and increases specificity for promoters

67
Q

Western Blot

A

Separate multiple proteins by molecular weight through gel electrophoresis

68
Q

Membrane Curvature

A

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic portions
Transmembrane proteins
Bar domains

BIOL 288 (4 decks)

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