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Cell Biology > Cell Bio Ch.1: Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Cell Bio Ch.1: Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Robert Hooke and why are his contributions relevant?

A
  • He was the first one to discover cells, he viewed them from a piece of cork following the invention of the microscope in the mid-1600s. He’s originally examined them as “pores” but later called them cells because they reminded him of the cells that monks in monasteries lived in.
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2
Q

Who is Anton Leewenhok and why are his contributions relevant?

A
  • He constructed high-quality simple microscopes.

- He was the first to observe living cells/organisms in pond water.

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3
Q

Who were the 3 people to articulate the Cell Theory? What are the three tenets of Cell Theory?

A

The cell theory was conceptualized by Matthis Schleiden (a German botanist), Theodor Schwann (a German zoologist), and Rudolf Virchow (a German pathologist.

All organisms are composed of one or
more cell
The cell is the structural unit of life
Cells arise from pre-existing cells by
division
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4
Q

What are the 10 Basic Principle of Cells

A

1) Cells are Alive
2) Cells are highly complex and organized
3) Cells Possess a Genetic Program and the Means to
Use It
4) Cells Are Capable of Producing More of Themselves
5) Cells Acquire and Utilize Energy
6) Cells Carry Out a Variety of Chemical Reactions
7) Cells Engage in Mechanical Activities
8) Cells Are Able to Respond to Stimuli
9) Cells Are Capable of Self-Regulation
10) Cells Evolve

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5
Q

How is Complexity demonstrated in Cells?

A

It is displayed in two ways:

  • Order: Cell processes are highly regulated and there’s less tolerance for errors in nature and interaction among parts
  • Consistency
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6
Q

What is the difference between chromosomes, genes, and DNA?

A
  • Chromosomes: sets of DNA and proteins
  • DNA: stores genetic information
  • Genes: nucleotide sequence that encodes genetic information
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7
Q

What does the cell use the “genetic program” for?

A

 Construct cellular structure
 Direct cellular activities
 Guide cellular reproduction

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8
Q

How do Cells produce more of themselves? What’s the process?

A
  • Cells produce more of themselves through Mitosis, which is the production of somatic cells (a ‘mother’ cell produces two identical ‘daughter cells).
  • Mitosis can either be symmetrical(both daughter cells get the complete set genetic instructions and therefore the same fate) or asymmetrical (the distribution of genetic instructions is different and lead to cells with different fates)
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9
Q

How do plant cells and animals cells convert energy differently?

A 
 Photosynthesis in plant cells converts
the light energy into carbohydrates,
such as sucrose and starch
 Animal cells convert glucose into ATP
o Provide energy for breaking down and
rebuilding their own components
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10
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

The sum total of all chemical transformations

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11
Q

How do cells engage in mechanical activities?

A

Intracellular

  • Material Transportation
  • Structure assembly and disassembly

Extracellular
- allows cells to move around independently to perform functions (i.e. white blood cells)

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12
Q

How can cells respond to stimuli?

A 
Some cells respond to stimuli in obvious
way
 E.g. a single-celled protist
 Cells in a multicellular organism respond
to stimuli in a less obvious way
 Receptor
o Respond to extracellular stimuli and provoke a
series of responses inside the cell
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13
Q

Where did cells come from?

A

According to modern biology, all living
organisms have evolved from a single,
common ancestral cell—the last universal
common ancestor(LUCA)

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14
Q

What two things determine the class of a cell?

A 
It's the size and intracellular organelles 
Prokaryotic cells
• Pro: before
• Karyon: nucleus
• About 1 to 5 μm in length
Eukaryotic cells
• Eu: true
• About 10 to 30 μm in length

Prokaryotes
Include all bacteria
Arose ~2.7 billion years ago

Eukaryotes
Include
Protists
Animals
Plants
Fungi
 Multicellular animals arose
~600million years ago
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15
Q

What are the similarities and differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell walls?

A

Similarities: they both protect the insides of the cell

Differences: the chemical compositions

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16
Q

What are the similarities and differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membranes?

A

Similiarities:
Possess similar construction and similar function
Protect the cell from its surroundings
 Semi-permeable to control the movement of
substances in and out of cells
 Consists of the phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins

Differences:
Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles
o Mitochondria
o Endoplasmic reticulum
o Golgi complex
o Simple membrane-bounded vesicles
• E.g. in plant cells, chloroplasts, vacuole

17
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm in Eukaryotic cells

A

 Divide the cytoplasm into compartments
within which specialized activities can take
place
 Form a system of interconnecting channels
and vesicles, helping transportation
substances inside the cell and between cell
and its environment

18
Q

Characteristics distinguish Prokaryotic

and Eukaryotic cells_ Cytoplasm

A 
Differences:
2) Eukaryotes have more
Complex cytoskeletal
proteins to form
o Tubules
o Filaments
Similarities:
Both have ribosomes but
they differ in size
19
Q

Characteristics distinguish Prokaryotic

and Eukaryotic cells_ Genetic material

A

Packaging:
Prokaryotes: a nucleoid region
Eukaryotes: a membrane-bound nucleus

Amount:
Eukaryotes have much more genetic
material than prokaryotes

Form:
Eukaryotes:
o Linear DNA
o A number of separated chromosomes, each made
of one linear DNA
o Chromatin made of DNA and associated proteins
for condense packaging

Prokaryotes:
o Circular DNA
o One single, circular chromosome
o No chromatin

20
Q

Characteristics distinguish Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic cells_ Cellular reproduction

A

Eukaryotes
 Divide by mitosis
o Chromosome condensation
o Mitotic spindle formation

Prokaryotes:
Divide by binary fission
o No chromosome
condensation
o No spindle formation
21
Q

Characteristics distinguish Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic cells_ Organism reproduction

A 
Eukaryotes
Sexual organism
o Meiosis
o Gamete formation
o Fertilization
Prokaryotes:
 Nonsexual organism
 But some can have conjugation
o A piece of DNA passes from one cell to
another
oPlay a critical role in microbial evolution
22
Q

Characteristics distinguish Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic cells_ Locomotion

A 
Prokaryotes:
 Have multiple flagella
 Formed from single
protein
Much simple structure
Eukaryotes:
 Have a single flagellum
or cilia
 More complex structure
 Different locomotor
mechanisms
23
Q

Types of Eukaryotes

A

Unicellular eukaryotes:
 Complex single-celled organisms
• Vorticella, Yeast

Multicellular eukaryotes:
 A fertilized cell give rise to different cell types
• Each cell type possesses
o distinctive appearance
o contain unique materials
o play different funcitons
24
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

o Refers to the process where a cell changes from
one cell type to another
o Cell fate is determined by cell location in the
embryo and signals from the surrounding environment

25
Q

What are the two types of Eukaryotes?

A

Unicellular eukaryotes
- complex single-celled organisms. (i.e. vorticella, and yeast)

Multicellular Eukaryotes

  • a fertilized cell gives rise to different cell types
  • each cell type possesses:
    1) distinctive appearance
    2) contain unique materials
    3) play different functions
26
Q

What is Cell Differentiation?

A

The process where a vell changes form 1 cell type to another.

27
Q

Just how small are cells?

A

Cells are commonly measured in units of micrometers (1 um= 10^-6m) and nanometers (1nm=10^-9m)

28
Q

What is Cell Replacement Therapy?

A

It’s a procedure where doctors infuse specific types of normal cells into patients whose cells lost said normal function.

29
Q

What are stem cells? And what are the two types of them?

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation.

There are two types of stem cells: Adult Stem Cells and Embryonic Stem Cells

30
Q

What are the characteristics of Adult Stem Cells?

A

1) They are Multipotent (meaning they can differentiate into TWO OR MORE mature cell types)
2) They can be used to replace damaged or diseased adult tissue

31
Q

What are the characteristics of Embryonic Stem Cells?

A

1) They are Pluripotent (meaning they can differentiate into EVERY type of cell in the body)

Cell Biology (8 decks)

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