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cell bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Ancient RNA World Hypothesis?

A

It suggests that RNA played a dual role in the early stages of life, serving as genetic material and functional molecules.

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1
Q

Name two types of RNAs involved in protein synthesis.

A

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and Transfer RNAs (tRNAs).

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2
Q

Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in terms of RNA.

A

Prokaryotes have no nucleus, while eukaryotes have a nucleus where RNA processes occur.

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3
Q

What do Ribosomal RNA genes code for?

A

They code for components of the ribosome, essential for protein synthesis.

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4
Q

Name a type of non-protein coding RNA.

A

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).

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5
Q

What is the role of MicroRNAs (miRNAs)?

A

They regulate gene expression by binding to messenger RNAs.

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6
Q

Which RNAs are involved in mRNA transport?

A

Antisense RNAs and specific proteins facilitate mRNA transport within cells.

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7
Q

Endocytosis

A

where a cell engulfs and brings in substances from its surroundings.

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8
Q

Exocytosis

A

where a cell releases substances outside through vesicles.

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9
Q

Lysosome

A

Cell’s recycling center that breaks down waste.

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10
Q

Phagocytosis

A

where it engulfs solid particles.

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11
Q

Peroxisome

A

Small, membrane-bound organelles involved in various metabolic processes, including the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances.

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12
Q

Peroxide

A

A type of chemical with oxygen used by cells for various processes.

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13
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Cell’s power plant, producing energy (ATP) through respiration.

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14
Q

Chloroplast

A

converting sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.

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15
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment in plants that captures sunlight for photosynthesis.

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16
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts in cells have their own bacterial origins.

17
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Molecular tag marking proteins for recycling.

18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Cell’s structural framework made of protein filaments.

19
Q

Microfilament

A

Thin threads in cells (actin) for movement and shape.

20
Q

Actin

A

Protein that forms microfilaments, aiding in cell movement.

21
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Sturdy threads adding structure and support to cells

22
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

Mesh-like structure supporting the nucleus’s shape.

23
Q

Microtubule

A

Tubular structures for cell transportation and division.

24
Q

Haploid

A

Cells with one set of chromosomes (e.g., sperm and egg cells).

25
Q

Diploid

A

Cells with two sets of chromosomes (e.g., most body cells).

26
Q

N-terminal end, C-terminal end

A

Start and end points of a protein chain.

27
Q

Glycosylation

A

Adding sugar molecules to proteins or lipids for stability and function.

28
Q

What is DNA methylation?

A

It is an epigenetic modification involving the addition of a methyl group to DNA, often associated with gene silencing.

29
Q

What is histone acetylation?

A

It involves the addition of acetyl groups to histone proteins, generally associated with gene activation by loosening the chromatin structure.

30
Q

How can environmental factors influence epigenetic changes?

A

Factors such as diet, stress, and exposure to toxins can impact epigenetic marks and affect gene expression.

31
Q

What is an epigenetic inheritance?

A

It refers to the transmission of epigenetic changes from one generation to the next without alterations to the DNA sequence.

32
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Epigenetics refers to the study of changes in gene activity that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence.

33
Q

What are epigenetic modifications?

A

Chemical modifications to DNA or histone proteins that can influence gene expression.

34
Q

How do epigenetic changes affect gene expression?

A

They can either activate or repress gene expression, influencing an organism’s development, behavior, and health.

35
Q

What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

A

DNA helicase.

36
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase synthesizes a new strand of DNA by adding complementary nucleotides to the template strand.

37
Q

What is the purpose of RNA primers in DNA replication?

A

RNA primers provide a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin synthesizing a new DNA strand.

38
Q

How does RNA synthesis differ from DNA synthesis?

A

RNA synthesis (transcription) involves the synthesis of an RNA molecule using DNA as a template, while DNA synthesis (replication) involves the creation of a new DNA strand using an existing DNA strand as a template.

39
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

cell bio (1 decks)

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