Cell Bio

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

Sugars Molecules

One of the three main nutrients found in foods and drinks

The body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose which is the main source of energy for your body’s cells

Starches

Fibers

Question 2

Lipids

Answer 2

Organic compounds that are insoluble in water

Fatty Acids

Wax

Oil

Question 3

Proteins

Answer 3

Enzymes

Antibodies

Hormones

Lots and lots of ones we need to know??

Question 4

Nucleic Acids

Answer 4

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Question 5

Phosphorylation

Answer 5

The attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion

Question 6

Glycosylation

Answer 6

Carbohydrate is covalently attached to a target macromolecule, typically proteins and lipids

Question 7

Ubiquitylation

Answer 7

Attaching ubiquitin, a small protein found in almost all tissues of eukaryotic organisms, to another target protein

Question 8

Cleavage

Answer 8

Series of mitotic divisions whereby the enormous volume of egg cytoplasm is divided (Cleaved) into numerous smaller, nucleated cells

Question 9

Glycolysis

Answer 9

A series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvates

Question 10

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 10

A process that transforms non-carbohydrate substrates (such as lactate, amino acids, and glycerol) into glucose

Question 11

Kreb Cycle

Answer 11

A sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP

Question 12

Oxidative

Answer 12

relating to the process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized

Question 13

Phosphorylation

Answer 13

The attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion

Question 14

Calvin Cycle (AKA C3 Cycle)

Answer 14

A set of chemical reactions performed by plants to reduce carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose

Question 15

Light-dependent photosynthetic reactions

Answer 15

A series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis requiring light energy that is captured by light-absorbing pigments (such as chlorophyll) to be converted into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

Question 16

Fermentation products

Answer 16

https://biologydictionary.net/fermentation/ Go to this link to fill out this slide. I don’t feel like it rn

Ethanol

Lactic Acid

Question 17

C3 Metabolism

Answer 17

The light energy is captured by the non-cyclic electron transport process which uses the thylakoid membranes for the required electron transport. About 85% of plant species are C3 plants.

Day

Question 18

C4 Metabolism

Answer 18

Initial carbon fixation takes place in mesophyll cells and the Calvin cycle takes place in bundle-sheath cells. PEP carboxylase attaches an incoming carbon dioxide molecule to the three-carbon molecule PEP, producing oxaloacetate (a four-carbon molecule).

Sometimes

Question 19

CAM Metabolism

Answer 19

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a temporally controlled, inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism that improves water-use efficiency (WUE) by shifting all or part of CO2 uptake from the day to the night when air: leaf water vapor pressure deficits are lower compared with the day

Night, deserts

Question 20

Membrane structure

Answer 20

The thin layer that forms the outer boundary of a living cell or of an internal cell compartment

The phospholipid bilayer

Polar membrane

Question 21

Membrane Composition

Answer 21

The main components of biological membranes are proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in variable proportions

Question 22

Membrane Function

Answer 22

A barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances out

A gate allows transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products.

Question 23

Transport Across Membranes

Answer 23

Active transport = energy

Passive transport = no energy

Question 24

Apoptosis

Answer 24

The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development

Question 25

Intrinsic Pathways

Answer 25

The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis begins when an injury occurs within the cell and the resulting stress activates the apoptotic pathway

Question 26

Extrinsic Pathways

Answer 26

Begins outside a cell, when conditions in the extracellular environment determine that a cell must die

Question 27

Cancer Hallmarks

Answer 27

Nobody knows because Hanna didn’t do it

Question 28

Cellular Homeostasis

Answer 28

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell

Question 29

PH

Answer 29

“Potential of hydrogen”

A scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Acidic solutions are measured to have lower pH values than basic or alkaline solutions

Question 30

Osmolarity

Answer 30

The concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter

Question 31

Plant Cell Walls

Answer 31

The cell wall of a plant is usually made of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin, agar, and others

Question 32

Fungal Cell Walls

Answer 32

The cell wall of a fungus is made up of a three-part matrix of chitin, glucans, and proteins

Question 33

Bacterial Cell Wall

Answer 33

Nobody knows because Hanna didn’t put it on the doc