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medical board > Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease > Flashcards

Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Abundant in liver and gonads; used for steroid hormone and lipoprotein synthesis

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

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2
Q

Synthesizes new proteins for the plasma membrane

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

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3
Q

Modifies hydrophobic compounds into water-soluble molecules

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

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4
Q

Organelles with degradative enzymes that permit digestion of macromolecules

A

Lysosomes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

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5
Q

Organelles that break down fatty acids, generating hydrogen peroxide in the process

A

Peroxisomes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

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6
Q

Intracellular scaffolding that allows cells to adopt a particular shape and organization. Also maintains polarity.

A

Cytoskeleton(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.10

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7
Q

Shuttles internalized material to the appropriate site. Also directs newly synthesized materials to the cell surface or targeted organelle.

A

Endosomal vesicles(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

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8
Q

Production site of ATP and metabolic intermediates needed for anabolic metabolism

A

Mitochondria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

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9
Q

Contain important sensors of cell damage that can initiate and regulate the process of programmed cell death.

A

Mitochondria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

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10
Q

Water and carbon dioxide diffuse across the cell lipid bilayers through this TYPE OF DIFFUSION

A

Passive membrane diffusion(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

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11
Q

The process by which large molecules are exported from cells.

A

Exocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

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12
Q

The movement of endocytosed vesicles between the apical and basolateral compartments of the cell, which is how large proteins are transferred across an epithelial barrier.

A

Transcytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

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13
Q

Non-coated plasma membrane invagination (“little caves”) associated with cAMP, GPI-linked molecules, SRC-family kinases, and folate receptor.

A

Caveolae(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

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14
Q

A fluid-phase process during which the plasma membrane invaginates and is pinched off to form a cytoplasmic vesicle.

A

Pinocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.9

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15
Q

Major uptake mechanism for macromolecules such as transferrin and LDL, which bind to receptors localized in clathrin-coated pits.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.20

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16
Q

Most abundant cytosolic protein in cells.

A

Actin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

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17
Q

They serve as connecting cables for “molecular motor” proteins that use ATP to move vesicles, organelles, or other molecules.

A

Microtubules(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

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18
Q

Cell junction that seal adjacent cells together, creating a barrier that restricts paracellular movement of ions and other molecules.

A

Occluding junctions (tight junctions)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

19
Q

Cell junctions that mechanically attach cells and their intracellular cytoskeletons to other cells or to extracellular matrix.

A

Anchoring junctions (desmosomes) (tight junctions)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 11

20
Q

Junctions that mediate the passage of chemical or electrical signals from one cell to another.

A

Communicating junctions (gap junctions) (TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 12

21
Q

Cell organelle that consists of stacked cisternae that progressively modify protein

A

Golgi apparatus(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 12

22
Q

Cell-cell signaling pathway: cells in immediate vicinity are affected.

A

Paracrine signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

23
Q

Cell-cell signaling pathway: molecules secreted by a cell affect tat same cell.

A

Autocrine signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

24
Q

Cell-cell signaling pathway: activated neurons secrete neurotransmitters at specialized cell junctions onto target cells.

A

Synaptic signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

25
Q

Cell-cell signaling pathway: A mediator is released into the bloodstream and acts on target cells at a distance.

A

Endocrine signaling(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

26
Q

Vitamin D and steroid hormones are cell-permeable ligands for this type of receptor.

A

Intracellular receptors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 16

27
Q

Its major role is to stimulate the activity of genes required for cell growth and cell division.

A

Growth factors(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 18

28
Q

Growth factor that stimulates keratinocyte migration and formation of granulation tissue

A

Epidermal growth factor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

29
Q

Growth factor that stimulates proliferation of hepatocytes and other epithelial cells.

A

Transforming growth factor-alpha(TGF-a)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

30
Q

Growth factor: enhances proliferation of hepatocytes and increases cell motility

A

Hepatocyte growth factor(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

31
Q

Growth factor: stimulates proliferation of endothelial cells and increases vascular permeability

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

32
Q

Growth factor that is chemotactic for neutrophils, fibroblasts, and smooth muscles, and activates proliferation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

A

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

33
Q

Growth factor that is chemotactic and mitogenic for fibroblasts and stimulates angiogenesis and ECM protein synthesis

A

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) (VEGF)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 19

34
Q

Component of ECM responsible for the ability of tissues to recoil and recover their shape after physical deformation.

A

Elastin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 23

35
Q

Component of ECM that confer resistance to compressive forces, also provide lubrication between bony surfaces.

A

Proteoglycan(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 23

36
Q

The most abundant glycoprotein in basement membrane.

A

Laminin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 24

37
Q

A major component of the interstitial ECM.

A

Fibronectin(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 24

38
Q

A large family of transmembrane glycoproteins that allow cells to attach to ECM constituents, linking the intracellular cytoskeleton with the outside world.

A

Integrins(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology 9th ed. p. 24

39
Q

Sequence of events in cell cycle

A

G1/Presynthetic growth-S/DNA synthesis-G2/Premitotic growth- M/mitotic phase (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p.25

40
Q

Two important properties of stem cells

A

Self-renewal and assymetric division. (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed., p. 26

41
Q

Undifferentiated stem cells which are totipotent and can be induced to form specialized cells of all three germ cell layers.

A

Embryonic stem cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 27

42
Q

Variety of stem cell with limited repertoire of differentiated cells that they can generate.

A

Tissue stem cells(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p. 27

43
Q

Specialized tye of “grinder” that selectively chews up denatured proteins, releasing peptides

A

Proteasomes(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th ed. p.6

medical board (24 decks)

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